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El banco de España usando el precio por metro cuadrado como factor productivo. Inversiøn productiva, ecologismo, cambio climático. Estos jóvenes y jóvenas llegarán lejos.
No pretendo aportar nada al debate, sólo divertirme.Los informáticos hemos estado a la altura. Durante la pandemia, con meses de cierre, las redes telemáticas han mostrado una resiliencia y estabiidad brutales, con cada miembro de cada casa conectado consumiendo contenido a todo lo que da. Hemos trabajado sin parón y a tope, lo que ha permitido seguir con infinidad de actividades y que la salvajada no lo fuera tanto. Ni una mísera caída de servicio seria, oye. Ahora se atascan un par de rutas comerciales y la tenemos liada. Lo diré en términos de ingeniería del software: el sistema tiene errores de diseño en su arquitectura. Ya sé, ya sé, no hay diseño de arquitectura, vamos a lo que va saliendo, acudimos a donde nos aprieta el zapato. Precisamente lo que piensan los de la gomina, que eso son tontás caras y enojosas,... y lo entiendo; pensar bien las cosas dificulta mucho el medalleo instantáneo, que es lo que mola.Antes de todo esto, ya posibilitábamos el JIT, que sin trasvase de información en tiempo cuasi-real es una quimera.Y antes de eso, se habían sentado las bases del aumento de productividad entre otras cosas con la "filosofía" open source y la interoperabilidad basada en estándares. La globalización, si lo es, es informática.Lo que peta es todo lo demás, lo del mundo "real". Así que a lo mejor no sería tan descabellado que a los informáticos se nos escuche más acerca de cómo debe ser el mundo. Nuestras ideas frikis, que es como muchos llaman al sentido común.
Cita de: patxarana en Octubre 30, 2021, 19:16:40 pmY aquí es donde llega la primera trampa: "Este suelo no es gratis, lo he pagado yo con mis ahorros, fruto de mi trabajo y mi esfuerzo...". No lo niego, igual que el que ha pagado por una licencia de taxi lo ha hecho con su trabajo y su esfuerzo. El que compra una parcela de suelo urbano, solo o con una vivienda encima, lo hace pensando en la renta que le va a sacar (o la que se va a ahorrar si vive en él), pero no se para a pensar en cuánto está ganando el antiguo propietario. Probablemente él también adquirió el suelo con su trabajo y su esfuerzo, pero en algún momento antes que centro ciudad aquello también fue campo y no valía nada, o casi, y no tenía capacidad de atraer rentas. Eso vino después, y con ello la subida de precio del suelo, es decir, la "plusvalía". La plusvalía supone un incremento en la capacidad de atraer rentas y aparece "de la nada" o, mejor dicho, de forma independiente a los actos del propietario. Básicamente, deviene del incremento de la población, de la concentración de las oportunidades en algunos lugares, de las decisiones a la hora de construir infraestructuras... Es, por tanto, "no ganada" o, si se prefiere, "no merecida". (click to show/hide)Respecto a esto que dices, y por añadir algo más, ya viene recogido en la constitución española de 1978:CitarLa Constitución española de 1978.Título I. De los derechos y deberes fundamentalesCapítulo tercero. De los principios rectores de la política social y económica Artículo 47 Todos los españoles tienen derecho a disfrutar de una vivienda digna y adecuada. Los poderes públicos promoverán las condiciones necesarias y establecerán las normas pertinentes para hacer efectivo este derecho, regulando la utilización del suelo de acuerdo con el interés general para impedir la especulación. La comunidad participará en las plusvalías que genere la acción urbanística de los entes públicos.La plusvalía del suelo... lo que mueve a la sociedad española, el sumun del triunfo en la vida en el popularcapitalismo; a lo que aspira todo español de pro: socialista para poner el cazo al estado y trincar de lo que sea, y neoliberal de toda la vida para apropiarse de la plusvalía.
Y aquí es donde llega la primera trampa: "Este suelo no es gratis, lo he pagado yo con mis ahorros, fruto de mi trabajo y mi esfuerzo...". No lo niego, igual que el que ha pagado por una licencia de taxi lo ha hecho con su trabajo y su esfuerzo. El que compra una parcela de suelo urbano, solo o con una vivienda encima, lo hace pensando en la renta que le va a sacar (o la que se va a ahorrar si vive en él), pero no se para a pensar en cuánto está ganando el antiguo propietario. Probablemente él también adquirió el suelo con su trabajo y su esfuerzo, pero en algún momento antes que centro ciudad aquello también fue campo y no valía nada, o casi, y no tenía capacidad de atraer rentas. Eso vino después, y con ello la subida de precio del suelo, es decir, la "plusvalía". La plusvalía supone un incremento en la capacidad de atraer rentas y aparece "de la nada" o, mejor dicho, de forma independiente a los actos del propietario. Básicamente, deviene del incremento de la población, de la concentración de las oportunidades en algunos lugares, de las decisiones a la hora de construir infraestructuras... Es, por tanto, "no ganada" o, si se prefiere, "no merecida".
La Constitución española de 1978.Título I. De los derechos y deberes fundamentalesCapítulo tercero. De los principios rectores de la política social y económica Artículo 47 Todos los españoles tienen derecho a disfrutar de una vivienda digna y adecuada. Los poderes públicos promoverán las condiciones necesarias y establecerán las normas pertinentes para hacer efectivo este derecho, regulando la utilización del suelo de acuerdo con el interés general para impedir la especulación. La comunidad participará en las plusvalías que genere la acción urbanística de los entes públicos.
Así será el nuevo impuesto de plusvalía: dará dos opciones a los ciudadanos y les permitirá elegir la más favorableEl Ministerio de Hacienda ya tiene listo el impuesto de plusvalía después de que la semana pasada el Tribunal Constitucional declarase nulo el método utilizado para calcular la base imponible. El departamento que dirige María Jesús Montero adaptará el tributo a las fluctuaciones del precio de la vivienda para reconocer la ganancia real y la realidad del mercado inmobiliario, como reclamaba el alto tribunal. Creará unos nuevos coeficientes que se aplicarán sobre el valor catastral y que actualizará cada año para recoger la verdadera situación del mercado. Además, ofrecerá a los contribuyentes dos alternativas para calcular el tributo y les permitirá acogerse a la más beneficiosa.El impuesto sobre el incremento del valor de los terrenos de naturaleza urbana (IIVTNU), más conocido como impuesto de plusvalía municipal, es un tributo directo que depende de los Ayuntamientos. Se paga cuando una persona vende, dona o hereda una vivienda. Esta figura fiscal grava en realidad la revalorización que han sufrido los terrenos urbanos sobre los que está construida una casa desde el momento de la compra hasta que se ha traspasado.La nueva norma mejora el cálculo de la base imponible para garantizar que los contribuyentes que no obtengan una ganancia por la venta del inmueble queden exentos de pagar el tributo, según fuentes ministeriales. Hacienda establecerá dos opciones para determinar la cuota tributaria permitiendo que los ciudadanos opten por la que consideren más beneficiosa. Por un lado, se podrá calcular mediante el valor catastral en el momento del traspaso, con unos nuevos coeficientes que fijará el ministerio y que reflejarán la realidad inmobiliaria. La otra opción consistirá en valorar la diferencia entre el valor de compra y el de venta.En la mayoría de los casos será más favorable para los ciudadanos optar por la segunda opción. En cualquier caso, Hacienda actualizará los coeficientes cada año para tener en cuenta las fluctuaciones de valor de los bienes inmuebles.La normativa dará margen a los Ayuntamientos para que puedan corregir hasta el 15% a la baja el valor catastral del suelo en función de la situación de su mercado inmobiliario solo para este tributo. Lo que permitirá adaptar el impuesto a la verdadera situación de cada municipio.También se fijará un coeficiente para gravar de forma especial las plusvalías generadas en menos de un año, es decir, las que se producen cuando entre la fecha de adquisición y de transmisión ha transcurrido menos de un año y que, por tanto, pueden tener un carácter más especulativo.Hasta ahora para calcular el tributo había que multiplicar el valor catastral del suelo por el número de años que se había sido titular de la propiedad. A esta cifra se le aplicaba un coeficiente anual, en función de los años, que no solía superar el 3,5%. Y a la cantidad resultante se le aplicaba el tipo impositivo, que tampoco podía superar el 30%. Como el valor catastral era el parámetro fundamental del impuesto y los coeficientes tampoco variaban, el Constitucional considera nulo este método objetivo de determinación de la base imponible, ya que presuponía que siempre existe un aumento de valor con independencia de la evolución del mercado.Por eso, Hacienda sustituye los porcentajes anuales aplicables sobre el valor catastral por unos coeficientes máximos fijados en función del número de años transcurridos desde la adquisición. Y actualizará cada año estos multiplicadores.El real decreto-ley recalca que el método para calcular el impuesto será optativo. Se dejará al contribuyente la posibilidad de elegir el método más favorable. Podrá tributar en función de la plusvalía real obtenida al traspasar el inmueble —la diferencia entre el precio de venta y el de compra— o por el valor catastral y los nuevos coeficientes. Si el contribuyente demuestra que la plusvalía real es inferior a la calculada con el valor catastral, podrá aplicarse el primer método. La norma permitirá a los Ayuntamientos comprobar estos cálculos para evitar errores o fraudes.La reforma del tributo era necesaria para no estrangular las finanzas municipales. Esta figura fiscal es la segunda que más aporta a las arcas locales, por detrás del IBI. Los Ayuntamientos españoles ingresaron por este tributo más de 1.700 millones en 2020. En 2019, antes de que la pandemia afectase a la recaudación, supuso 2.519 millones para las arcas locales.Varias sentenciasDesde el 26 de octubre, fecha en que fue firmada la sentencia, los consistorios no podían exigir la liquidación del gravamen al ser considerado inconstitucional su método de cálculo. No era el primer revés judicial para las plusvalías, ya que otras dos sentencias de 2017 y 2019 habían cuestionado algunos aspectos del impuesto. La reforma de Hacienda intenta ahora solventarlos todos de una vez.El principal reparo, porque suponía el meollo de la cuestión y fue lo que llevó a la anulación de facto del tributo, era cómo determinar la base imponible del mismo. El reciente fallo señalaba que este era “ajeno a la realidad del mercado inmobiliario”, lo que se había hecho particularmente palpable cuando los precios de las casas se desplomaron durante la Gran Recesión. En esos años, era frecuente que incluso vendiendo una casa a pérdidas (es decir, por menos de lo que había costado) hubiera que pagar el impuesto. Esto ya fue cuestionado por el Constitucional en 2017.El pasado miércoles, durante el debate del proyecto de Ley de los Presupuestos del Estado para 2022, la ministra Montero sostuvo que la modificación que preparaba su departamento aportaría “tranquilidad y seguridad” tanto a los contribuyentes como a los Ayuntamientos. Estos, que llevan ya 10 días sin poder cobrar el impuesto, tendrán seis meses para adaptar su normativa al nuevo marco legal. Lo que han dejado de ingresar desde el 26 de octubre no podrán recuperarlo. Aunque el ministerio ya había estudiado fórmulas para ello, el decreto no será retroactivo. Pero a la vez, los consistorios no se verán obligados a enfrentarse a una avalancha de reclamaciones porque la sentencia del Constitucional estableció un blindaje contra esa posibilidad.Cuando el impuesto se paga mediante una autoliquidación (como sucede en la mayoría de grandes municipios), el contribuyente tiene un plazo teórico de cuatro años para pedir una revisión de la suma que ha abonado. El fallo judicial, sin embargo, determinó que no será posible reclamar cantidades que no se encontrasen ya recurridas antes de dictarse la sentencia.La nueva norma no tendrá carácter retroactivoEl real decreto con la nueva normativa sobre el impuesto de plusvalía que prevé aprobar el lunes el Consejo de Ministros no tendrá carácter retroactivo. Eso dejará una especie de vacío legal desde que se conoció la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional, que lleva fecha del 26 de octubre (el día en que se supo el sentido del fallo), hasta que entre en vigor el decreto. El texto íntegro, sin embargo, se desveló el miércoles de esta semana, cuando el alto tribunal publicó la sentencia en su web. Otra fecha importante es la de su publicación en el BOE, porque algunas fuentes jurídicas señalan que hay dudas sobre si algunos efectos del fallo surten efecto desde ese momento.En cualquier caso, parece claro que los ayuntamientos se enfrentarán a un periodo en el que no podrían exigir la liquidación del tributo. Si se toma como referencia el 26 de octubre, la fecha que cuenta con más consenso, y teniendo en cuenta que el decreto entre en vigor el martes (el día siguiente del Consejo de Ministros), ese periodo sería de 15 días.Traducido en recaudación sobre la base de 2019, cuando el gravamen aportó 2.519 millones a las arcas municipales, eso supone que los consistorios podrían dejar de ingresar algo más de 100 millones. Se trata de una pérdida abultada, pero no lo suficiente como para comprometer sus finanzas. El año pasado, sin ir más lejos, la pandemia provocó una merma en la recaudación del impuesto de plusvalías del 32%. O lo que es lo mismo, dejaron de ingresar unos 800 millones de euros.
What Determines Stock-Market Prices? Here’s a New TheoryA study finds that for every $1 that goes into the stock market, prices go up by $5A new study shows how much the flows of money into and out of the stock market affect stock prices—perhaps more than many investors realize.Specifically, a dollar of cash from outside the stock market that is invested in equities will cause the combined market cap of all stocks to rise by about $5, while a dollar withdrawn from the market will have the opposite “multiplier effect,” the study says.(...)
Lost in Transit: Major Delays Plague China-U.S. ShippingAs the following chart from Statista highlights, the time it takes for goods shipped by container from China has surged from roughly 40 days back in 2019 to a whopping 73 days as of September 2021.The punchline here is that shipping delays are worse right now than they were last Spring and Summer when the entire global economy was in lockdown and, by the look of it, the worst is yet to come.What’s causing these delays and empty shelves? An unprecedent spike in demand for manufactured goods spurred on by round after round of helicopter checks from Uncle Sam, surging energy prices that have led to production curtailments in China and elsewhere, shifts in consumer preferences, environmental and union oriented changes to California trucking regulations, supply chain disruptions from Covid, etc…Along with the increase in delays has come a surge in prices. According to freight booking platform Freightos, the cost to send a shipping container from Asia to the US West Cost is now up 330% versus a year ago.Looks like transient inflation is going be around for a bit longer…
Global energy crisis the result of ‘underinvestment’: Enbridge CEOGlobal energy crisis the result of ‘underinvestment’: Enbridge CEOCALGARY — Soaring heating prices in Europe and an electricity crisis in China are proof that the global transition to a low-carbon economy needs to be driven by a “mix of balanced policy solutions,” the chief executive of pipeline giant Enbridge Inc. said Friday.In a conference call with analysts, Al Monaco said that post-pandemic supply disruptions and high demand for both oil and natural gas are proof that economic growth is dependent on conventional energy. He said the energy crunch being experienced right now in parts of the world is a direct result of a failure to invest in energy infrastructure.“This energy crisis that we’re in right now is entirely about underinvestment in all forms of energy, which is creating havoc with consumers, industrial competitiveness and inflation,” Monaco said.“It’s clear if it wasn’t before, that conventional energy will be a critical part of the supply mix for a long time.”Enbridge, which Monaco said views itself as a “bridge” to a cleaner energy future, has been transitioning its asset mix toward lower-carbon sources of energy for several years. It has significantly expanded its natural gas business and connections to LNG markets, built up a renewables business, and is now investing in hydrogen, renewable natural gas, and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS).While the energy transition is real, Monaco said, governments must be “thoughtful” about the pace and scale of execution, keeping the consumer in mind.“Most important, in our view, we have to embrace natural gas because it’s simply the enabler of building more wind and solar supply, among other things. And it’s a great source of reducing emissions just like it has been to this point,” he said.Monaco said the key to the transition will be incentivizing consumption-based economy-wide emissions reductions and efficiency measures. He also called for an immediate focus on “regulatory certainty” and support for CCUS investment.“We’ve probably got $2 billion in flight now in terms of the energy transition category. And I would say that over the next five years, you’re probably looking at that same level — call it $1 billion a year,” Monaco said. “I think what’s to be determined, though, longer term, is how fast hydrogen and other areas like CCUS develop.”Gas prices in Europe have increased by more than 170 per cent since the start of the year, mainly due to surging global demand for energy, and gas in particular. EU member states are at odds on how to respond to the supply crunch in the long term.In China, local governments have been doubling down on meeting energy consumption targets set by Beijing in September to ensure China’s carbon emissions peak by 2030. Factories and companies were ordered to reduce or even halt production temporarily.(...)
De Guindos (BCE) propone limitar el incremento de los salarios solo a la inflación subyacenteEl vicepresidente de la institución monetaria apuesta por sacar el alza de la luz de la ecuación para calcular la actualización de los sueldos en Europa(...) El vicepresidente de la institución monetaria, Luis de Guindos, ha defendido que la actualización de los salarios que se perciben en la zona euro debería tener en cuenta únicamente el alza de la inflación subyacente, que excluye en sus cálculos a los productos energéticos o los alimentos no elaborados.“La negociación salarial tiene que tener en consideración que la inflación es temporal”, ha explicado de Guindos en una entrevista en Onda Cero.
Energy Dilemma(...) In spite of this, capitalism has already experienced the first major economic shock related to the transition beyond carbon. The surge in energy prices is due to several factors, including a disorderly rebound from the pandemic, poorly designed energy markets in the UK and EU which exacerbate price volatility, and Russia’s willingness to secure its long-term energy incomes. However, at a more structural level, the impact of first efforts made to restrict the use of fossil fuels cannot be overlooked. Due to government limits on coal burning, plus shareholders’ growing reluctance to commit to projects that could be largely obsolete in thirty years, investment in fossil fuel has been falling. Although this contraction of the supply is not enough to save the climate, it is still proving too much for capitalist growth.(...)The global and widespread repercussions of energy shortages and price increases underscores the complex fallout involved in the structural transformation necessary to eliminate carbon emissions. While a reduction is underway in the supply of hydrocarbon, increases in sustainable energy sources are not sufficient to meet growing demand. This leaves an energy mismatch that could derail the transition altogether. In this context, countries can either return to the most readily available energy source – coal – or cause an economic contraction driven by the surge in costs and their effects on profitability, consumption prices and the stability of the financial system. In the short term, then, there is a trade-off between ecological objectives and the requirement to foster growth. But does this energy dilemma hold in the medium and long term? Will we ultimately face a choice between climate and growth?A successful carbon transition implies the harmonious unfolding of two processes complexly related at the material, economic and financial levels. First, a process of disbandment must take place. Sources of carbon must be drastically reduced: above all hydrocarbon extraction, electricity production by coal and gas, fuel-based transport systems, the construction sector (due to the high level of emissions involved in cement and steel production) and the meat industry. What is at stake here is degrowth in the most straightforward sense: equipment must be scrapped, fossil fuel reserves must stay in the soil, intensive cattle-breeding must be abandoned and an array of related professional skills must be made redundant.All things being equal, the elimination of production capacities implies a contraction of supply which would lead to generalized inflationary pressure. This is even more likely because the sectors most affected are located at the commanding heights of modern economies. Cascading through the other sectors, pressure on costs will dent firms’ mark-up, global profits and/or consumer purchasing power, unleashing wild recessionary forces. In addition, degrowth of the carbon economy is a net loss from the point of view of the valorization of financial capital: huge amounts of stranded assets must be wiped out since underlying expected profits are foregone, paving the way for fire sales and ricocheting onto the mass of fictitious capital. These interrelated dynamics will fuel each other, as recessionary forces increase debt defaults while financial crisis freezes the access to credit.The other side of the transition is a major investment push to accommodate the supply shock caused by the degrowth of the carbon sector. While changing consumption habits could play a role, especially in affluent countries, the creation of new carbon-free production capacities, improvements in efficiency, electrification of transport, industrial and heating systems (along with the deployment of carbon capture in some instances) are also necessary to compensate for the phasing out of greenhouse gas emissions. From a capitalist perspective, these could represent new profit opportunities, so long as the costs of production are not prohibitive relative to available demand. Attracted by this valorization, green finance could step in and accelerate the transition, propelling a new wave of accumulation capable of sustaining employment and living standards.Yet it is important to bear in mind that timing is everything: making such adjustments in fifty years is completely different from having to disengage drastically in a decade. And from where we are now, the prospects for a smooth and adequate switch to green energy are slim, to say the least. The scaling back of the carbon sector remains uncertain due to the inherent contingency of political processes and the persistent lack of engagement from state authorities. It is illustrative that one single Senator, Joe Manchin III of west Virginia, can block the US Democrats’ programme to facilitate the replacement of coal- and gas-fired power plants.As illustrated by the current disruptions, the lack of readily available alternatives could also hamper the phasing-out of fossil fuels. According to the IEA: ‘Transition-related spending […] remains far short of what is required to meet rising demand for energy services in a sustainable way. The deficit is visible across all sectors and regions.’ In its latest Energy Report, Bloomberg estimates that a growing global economy will require a level of investment in energy supply and infrastructure between $92 trillion and $173 trillion over the next thirty years. Annual investment will need to more than double, rising from around $1.7 trillion per year today, to somewhere between $3.1 trillion and $5.8 trillion per year on average. The magnitude of such a macroeconomic adjustment would be unprecedented.From the perspective of mainstream economics, this adjustment is still a matter of getting the prices right. In a recent report commissioned by French President Emmanuel Macron, two leading economists in the field, Christian Gollier and Mar Reguant, argue that ‘The value of carbon should be used as a yardstick for all dimensions of public policymaking.’ Although standards and regulations should not be ruled out, ‘well-designed carbon pricing’ via a carbon tax or cap-and trade mechanism must play the leading role. Market mechanisms are expected to internalize the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions, allowing for an orderly transition on both the supply and demand sides. ‘Carbon pricing has the advantage of focusing on efficiency in terms of cost per ton of CO2, without the need to identify in advance which measures will work.’ Reflecting the plasticity of market adjustment, a carbon price – ‘unlike more prescriptive measures’ – opens up a space for ‘innovative solutions’.This free-market, techno-optimistic perspective ensures that capitalist growth and climate stabilization are reconciliable. However, it suffers from two main shortcomings. The first is the blindness of the carbon-pricing approach to the macroeconomic dynamics involved in the transition effort. A recent report by Jean Pisani Ferry, written for the Peterson Institute for International Economics, plays down the possibility of any smooth adjustment driven by market prices, while also dashing the hopes of a Green New Deal that could lift all boats.Observing that ‘Procrastination has reduced the chances of engineering an orderly transition’, the report notes that there is ‘no guarantee that the transition to carbon neutrality will be good for growth.’ The process is quite simple: 1) since decarbonation implies an accelerated obsolescence of some part of existing capital stock, supply will be reduced; 2) in the meantime, more investment will be necessary. The burning question then becomes: are there sufficient resources in the economy to allow for more investment alongside weakened supply? The answer depends on the amount of slack in the economy – that is, idle productive capacity and unemployment. But considering the size of the adjustment and the compressed timeframe, this cannot be taken for granted. In Pisani Ferry’s view, ‘Impact on growth will be ambiguous, impact on consumption should be negative. Climate action is like a military build-up when facing a threat: good for welfare in the long run, but bad for consumer satisfaction’. Shifting the resources from consumption to investment means that consumers will inevitably bear the cost of the effort.In spite of his neo-Keynesian perspective, Pisani-Ferry opens up an insightful discussion on the political conditions that would allow for a reduction in living standards and a green class-war fought along income lines. Yet, in its attachment to the price mechanism, his argument shares with the market-adjustment approach an irrational emphasis on the efficiency of CO2 emission reduction. The second shortcoming of Gollier and Reguant’s contribution becomes apparent when they call for ‘a combination of climate actions with the lowest possible cost per ton of CO2 equivalent not emitted’. Indeed, as the authors themselves recognize, the setting of carbon prices is highly uncertain. Evaluations can range from $45 to $14,300 per ton, depending on the time horizon and the reduction targeted. With such variability, there is no point in trying to optimize the cost of carbon reduction intertemporally. What is important is not the cost of the adjustment, but rather the certainty that the stabilization of the climate will occur. Delineating the specificities of the Japanese developmental state, the political scientist Chalmers Johnson made a distinction that could also be applied to the transition debate:A regulatory, or market rational, state concerns itself with the form and procedures – the rules, if you will – of economic competition, but it doesn’t concern itself with substantive matters […] The developmental state, or plan-rational state, by contrast, has as its dominant feature precisely the setting of such substantive social and economic goals.In other words, while the first aims at efficiency – by making the most economical uses of resources – the second is concerned with effectiveness: that is, by the ability to achieve a given goal, be it war or industrialization. Given the existential threat posed by climate change and the fact that there exists a simple and stable metric to limit our exposure, our concern should be with the effectiveness of reducing greenhouse gases rather the efficiency of the effort. Instead of using the price mechanism to let the market decide where the effort should lie, it is infinitely more straightforward to add up targets at the sectoral and geographical levels, and provide a consistent reduction plan to ensure that the overall goal will be achieved in time.Morgan Stanley’s Ruchir Sharma, writing on this question in the FT, raises a point which indirectly makes the case for ecological planning. He notes that the investment push necessary to transition beyond carbon presents us with a trivially material problem: on the one hand, dirty activities – particularly in the sectors of mining or metal production – are rendered unprofitable due to increased regulation or higher carbon prices; on the other hand, investment for the greening of the infrastructure requires such resources to expand capacities. Decreasing supply plus rising demand is therefore a recipe for what he calls ‘greenflation’. Sharma therefore argues that ‘Blocking new mines and oil rigs will not always be the environmentally and socially responsible move.’As the spokesperson of an institution with vested interest in polluting commodities, Sharma is hardly a neutral commentator. But the problem he articulates – how to supply enough dirty material to build a clean-energy economy – is a real one, and relates to another issue with the putative market-driven transition: carbon pricing does not allow society to discriminate between spurious uses of carbon – such as sending billionaires into space – and vital uses such as building the infrastructure for a non-carbon economy. In a successful transition, the first would be made impossible, the second as cheap as possible. As such, a unique carbon price becomes a clear pathway to failure.This brings us back to an old but still decisive argument: rebuilding an economy – in this case one which phases out fossil fuels – requires restructuring the chain of relations between its diverse segments, which suggests that the fate of the economy as a whole depends on its point of least resistance. As Alexandr Bogdanov noted in the context of building the young Soviet state, ‘Because of these interdependent relationships, the process of enlargement of the economy is subject in its entirety to the law of the weakest point.’ This line of thought was later developed by Wassily Leontief in his contributions to input-output analysis. It holds that market adjustments are simply not up to structural transformation. In such situations, what’s required is a careful and adaptative planning mechanism able to identify and deal with a moving landscape of bottlenecks.When one considers the economic challenges of restructuring economies to keep carbon emissions in line with the stabilization of the climate, this discussion acquires a new framing. Effectiveness must take precedence over efficiency in reducing emissions. That means abandoning the fetish of the price mechanism in order to plan how the remaining dirty resources will be used in the service of clean infrastructure. Such planning must have international reach, since the greatest opportunities for energy-supply decarbonation are located in the Global South. Moreover, as transformation on the supply side will not be enough, demand-side transformations will also be essential to stay within planetary boundaries. Energy requirements for providing decent living standards to the global population can be drastically reduced, but in addition to the use of the most efficient available technologies, this implies a radical transformation of consumption patterns, including political procedures to prioritize between competing consumption claims.With its longstanding concern for planning and socialized consumption, international socialism is an obvious candidate to take on such a historic task. Though the poor state of socialist politics doesn’t conjure much optimism, the catastrophic conjuncture we are entering – along with price volatility and the ongoing spasms of capitalist crises – could increase the fluidity of the situation. In such circumstances, the left must be flexible enough to seize any political opportunity that will advance the cause of a democratic ecological transition.
What Europe's Energy Crunch RevealsSocieties that cannot accept today’s energy prices are unlikely to prepare adequately for the green transition, regardless of their long-term net-zero promises. They are instead likely to act too late and thus too suddenly, which will be not only economically costly, but also politically untenable.
https://www.economiadigital.es/economia/bce-exige-limitar-incremento-salarios-solo-inflacion-subyacente.htmlCitarDe Guindos (BCE) propone limitar el incremento de los salarios solo a la inflación subyacenteEl vicepresidente de la institución monetaria apuesta por sacar el alza de la luz de la ecuación para calcular la actualización de los sueldos en Europa(...) El vicepresidente de la institución monetaria, Luis de Guindos, ha defendido que la actualización de los salarios que se perciben en la zona euro debería tener en cuenta únicamente el alza de la inflación subyacente, que excluye en sus cálculos a los productos energéticos o los alimentos no elaborados.“La negociación salarial tiene que tener en consideración que la inflación es temporal”, ha explicado de Guindos en una entrevista en Onda Cero.
Speculation nation: Can Xi Jinping’s property tax deflate China’s housing bubble?Analysis: President faces an uphill battle to undo a system that has led to a bloated property sector(...) However, the speculative nature of the market is what really makes China stand apart. Between 2008-10, the proportion of people buying homes in China who were first-time buyers was 70%, according to the Survey and Research Center for China Household Finance. By 2018, after the property and construction sectors were jet-propelled by the 4tn yuan of post-financial crisis stimulus, that figure had dropped to 11.5%.The same survey shows that first-time buyers were being replaced at a rapid rate by investors. In 2018, 22.5% of homebuyers already owned two or more dwellings, while 66% owned one. No wonder that Xi had said the year before that houses should be for “living in, not for speculating”.Because these investors rarely rent out their properties, one-fifth of China’s housing – or at least 65m homes – lie empty. Rental yields are typically about 2% in China, which is way below the typical mortgage rate of 5.4%. In other words, the buy-to-let strategy that has proved popular for wealthy people in western countries such as the UK doesn’t make sense in China. Investors are instead buying the properties solely because they expect the value to keep going up.“Clearly, housing in China has become an object of speculation which has made it unattainable for first-time homebuyers,” analysts at BCA Research wrote recently.“Property developers have been building the wrong type of housing at the wrong prices and for the wrong type of buyers,” they said. “They have been building high-end houses and selling them at very high prices to high-income households who have been buying multiple properties as investments.”The massive speculative bubble – China’s household debt is about 100%, or about the same as that of the US – has been magnified by property developers doing the same on an even bigger scale. While the cost of borrowing remained lower than the rate of house price growth, developers simply took on more debt to build ever more properties selling at ever higher prices while pocketing ever higher profits.The catch is that with demand falling thanks to a declining population, fewer people starting families, and prices also tumbling, those profits have disappeared and may soon turn into massive losses.‘The music has stopped’It remains to be seen whether Beijing will allow Evergrande or any other large developer to fail. Most observers expect it to be a “controlled demolition” – in other words restructured in an orderly manner – and debts distributed via state-owned banks and institutions. Containing the impact of falling house prices in the wake of such restructuring and the introduction of a property tax could be more difficult.Lower prices might be good for some people not yet on the property ladder, but with more than 90% of the urban population owning property and 40% of household wealth tied up in property, any disorderly collapse in values could trigger social unrest such as that seen during past downturns.This is what Anne Stevenson Yang, co-founder of Connecticut-based J Capital Research and a China specialist, fears. She says the Communist party supported free market activity as long as it unlocked value for the state. Now it wants to rein in the excess but the process of deflating the market is freighted with risk for Xi and his government.“The buying of new apartments has got to be coming to an end,” she said. “The music has stopped and all these people can’t find a chair. Then what?”