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Los dinosaurios pudieron provocar el calentamiento de la Tierra Un estudio indica que los saurópodos producirían 520 millones de toneladas de metano al año, cantidad comparable a las emisiones totales en la actualidadEl esqueleto del dinosaurio mas grande del mundo expuesto en Berlín. / TOBIAS SCHWARZ (REUTERS) Si la cantidad de metano que produce el ganado en todo el mundo es importante para el cambio climático, ¿no tendría también alguna influencia el metano de las flatulencias de los enormes dinosaurios herbívoros de hace millones de años? Unos científicos en el Reino Unido se hicieron esta pregunta y han obtenido respuesta: “Un simple modelo matemático sugiere que los microbios que vivían en los saurópodos pudieron producir suficiente metano para tener uno efecto importante en el clima del Mesozoico”, explica Dave Wilkinson (Universidad John Mores, en Liverpool, en el Reino Unido), uno de los investigadores de este trabajo. “Nuestros cálculos sugieren que aquellos dinosaurios pudieron producir más metano que las fuentes actuales de dicho gas (sumando las naturales y las debidas a las actividades humanas). Igual que en las vacas, los microorganismos ayudarían a los saurópodos a hacer la digestión por fermentación de su alimento vegetal. Esos microorganismos producen metano. Según los cálculos de Wilkinson y de sus colega Graeme Ruxton (Universidad St. Andrew) y Euan Nisbet (Universidad de Londres), las emisiones globales de metano por parte de los saurópodos rondarían los 520 millones de toneladas al año, según informa Phys.org. Antes de la revolución industrial, hace unos 150 años, las emisiones de metano eran unos 200 millones de toneladas anuales y actualmente los rumiantes (vacas, cabras, jirafas, etcétera) producen entre 50 y 100 millones de toneladas al año. En los cálculos de estas emisiones de los rumiantes actuales se han basado los investigadores, que dan a conocer su trabajo en la revista Current Biology, para hacer las estimaciones correspondientes a los dinosaurios teniendo en cuenta las diferencias de tamaño. Dichos cálculos dependen exclusivamente de la masa total de los animales y un saurópodo de tamaño medio estaría en unos 20.000 kilos. También hay que tener en cuenta el tamaño de las poblaciones: la densidad de los saurópodos en el territorio estaría entre unos pocos adultos grandes y unas pocas decenas de individuos por kilómetro cuadrado.
Gran hilo, espero más aportaciones por parte de conocedores. Yo no sé física pero sí matemáticas (estudié casi toda la carrera mientras cursaba Medicina) y coincido con los escépticos sobre el origen de datos y la cortedad de las series en algunos casos, por no hablar de posibles errores, etc. Me intriga el tema de los ciclos de radiación solar relacionados con aparentemente minúsculas perturbaciones en el movimiento terrestre y es curioso tanto que desde los 70 se hablara insistentemente del próximo período glacial como que ahora haya gente como Abdusamatov que se juega el prestigio con predicciones de enfriamiento claras y a plazos que veremos,mientras otros todo lo dejan en el aire y "en 2100 todos muertos y Venecia bajo el mar", eso sí, cobrar cobran hoy por el pronóstico.Es cierto que el tema es apasionante y exige demasiado estudio o, si no, depositar la confianza en alguien, alguna vez me he planteado ponerme a estudiarlo pero es díficil si partes de saber de Matemáticas pero no de Física.
5. ConclusionsThere are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solarvariability had an influence on pre-industrial climate. There are also somedetection–attribution studies using global climate models that suggest there wasa detectable influence of solar variability in the first half of the twentieth centuryand that the solar radiative forcing variations were amplified by some mechanismthat is, as yet, unknown. However, these findings are not relevant to any debatesabout modern climate change. Our results show that the observed rapid rise inglobal mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability,whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solarvariation is amplified.
Starkiller lo que estoy intentando decir es que da lo mismo porque para saber actualmente que los GEI's están provocando calentamiento global no hace falta mirar en los registros fósiles. Éstos apoyan la teoría del origen antropogénico, denotan la importancia del co2 como conductor del clima,
sirven para realizar modelos climáticos y así poder calcular la sensibilidad climática a distintos forzamientos e intentar averiguar que pasará en posibles escenarios futuros. Y digo lo de actualmente porque hay medidas directas de satélites que así lo corroboran como he escrito en un comentario más arriba, algo que tendréis que explicar los escépticos del cambio climático (utilizo la palabra sin ánimo de ofender). Por lo tanto lo que pasa actualmente no se puede explicar de forma natural.
El sistema climático es un balance de energía, hay energía que entra, energía que sale y está la energía que se acumula. Pues danos una explicación alternativa a por qué la energía se acumula, por qué esa energía coincide con la longitud de onda de los GEI's, por qué la temperatura nocturna sube más que la diurna y por qué los océanos se están acidificando...entre otras muchísimas cosas claro.
Hablando del metano le estáis dando una importancia mayor a la que realmente tiene. El co2 es muchísimo más importante.En cuanto al Sol y el posible mínimo, por favor danos información sobre los cálculos que indican que vamos hacia un mínimo solar de dos pares de cojones y luego también nos explicas por qué las temperaturas de la Tierra y la energía recibida del Sol están desacopladas y van en sentido contrario, es decir las temperaturas aumentan y la energía irradiada por el Sol disminuye (1).Citar5. ConclusionsThere are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solarvariability had an influence on pre-industrial climate. There are also somedetection–attribution studies using global climate models that suggest there wasa detectable influence of solar variability in the first half of the twentieth centuryand that the solar radiative forcing variations were amplified by some mechanismthat is, as yet, unknown. However, these findings are not relevant to any debatesabout modern climate change. Our results show that the observed rapid rise inglobal mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability,whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solarvariation is amplified._________________________________________________________________________________________________________(1) http://www.eiscat.rl.ac.uk/Members/mike/publications/pdfs/2007/Lockwood_PRSA1.pdf
El año 2008 experimentó una baja. No se observaron manchas solares en 266 de los 366 días del año (73%). Para hallar un año con más soles "en blanco", debemos remontarnos a 1913, cuando se registraron 311 días de soles sin manchas: gráfico. Insitados por estos números, algunos observadores han sugerido que el ciclo solar tocó fondo en 2008.Pero tal vez no sea así. La cantidad de manchas solares para 2009 ha disminuído todavía más. Hasta el 31 de marzo, no se habían observado manchas solares en 78 de los 90 días que iban del año (87%).Todo parece apoyar una ineludible conclusión: "Estamos experimentando un mínimo solar muy profundo", dice el físico solar Dean Pesnell, del Centro Goddard para Vuelos Espaciales."Éste es el Sol más quieto que hemos presenciado en casi un siglo", concuerda el experto en manchas solares David Hathaway, del Centro Marshall para Vuelos Espaciales.
El clima es el resultado de intercambio de calor y masa entre la tierra, el océano, la atmósfera, las regiones polares (casquetes glaciares) y el espacio. Barnett, Pierce y Schnur (2001) señalan que «los océanos son un componente importante del sistema climático mundial; dado que cubren cerca del 72 por ciento de la superficie del planeta, poseen una inercia térmica y una capacidad calorífica que contribuyen a mantener y mejorar la variabilidad climática. Si bien se han realizado estudios de detección y atribución en los que se ha utilizado la temperatura de la superficie de los océanos, al parecer no se ha intentado nunca utilizar los cambios de temperatura en las profundidades. Un reciente estudio observacional (Levitus et al. 2000) ha demostrado que el contenido calorífico de las capas superiores del océano ha aumentado en los últimos 45 años en todos los océanos del mundo, aunque la velocidad del calentamiento varía considerablemente entre las diferentes cuencas oceánicas.» Barnett, Pierce y Schnur (2001) señalan también que «... no puede ser correcto un modelo climático que reproduce el cambio observado en la temperatura del aire a escala mundial en los últimos 50 años, pero no reproduce cuantitativamente el cambio observado en el contenido calorífico de los océanos», con lo que refuerzan los argumentos en contra de los informes recientes y más antiguos del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC 1990, 1996 e IPCC 2001) y de los modelos hipotéticos sobre el clima futuro que optan por subrayar el forzamiento antropógeno de los gases de invernadero para explicar el calentamiento de la superficie de la Tierra en los últimos 150 años.Los investigadores alemanes Zorita y Gonzalez-Rouco (2000) realizaron comparaciones de la oscilación ártica (AO) mediante dos modelos climáticos mundiales (MCM) complejos y avanzados. Esa oscilación es importante porque está estrechamente relacionada con el clima invernal en el hemisferio norte y con algunas de las pesquerías más productivas del mundo. Por ejemplo, cuando la AO es intensa, Eurasia tiene inviernos más suaves de lo normal y las pesquerías de especies pelágicas del África occidental prosperan. Seguidamente compararon los pronósticos relativos a la AO utilizando dos modelos: el MCM del Centro Hadley y el modelo del Instituto de Meteorología Max-Planck. En primer lugar, ambos modelos coinciden en su reproducción de los patrones de circulación media invernal en el hemisferio norte y su variabilidad. Pero cuando se incrementan los niveles de los gases de invernadero, los modelos predicen tendencias diferentes de la AO que influirán también en el cambio regional simulado de la temperatura del aire. Una tendencia negativa de la AO reducirá los aumentos (previstos) de la temperatura en Eurasia y las zonas sudorientales de los Estados Unidos y reforzará los aumentos de la temperatura en Groenlandia y el Canadá occidental; unas tendencias positivas darán lugar a resultados opuestos. Los autores concluyen que «las predicciones de la intensidad de los principales patrones de circulación atmosférica, incluso a escala planetaria, no son todavía fiables o dependen considerablemente de la variabilidad interna del modelo.»Del mismo modo, Giorgi y Francisco (2000) reunieron los resultados de cinco MCM correspondientes a 23 regiones terrestres de todo el mundo y compararon las predicciones sobre temperaturas y precipitaciones para los años 2070-2099 con el período de referencia de 1961-1990. En primer lugar, determinaron la exactitud con la que cada modelo reproducía el clima del período de referencia de 1961-1990. Esta comparación es muy importante, porque si los modelos no reproducen el clima actual, lo que indiquen para el futuro carecerá de valor. Observaron que algunos modelos se acercaban mucho a las observaciones de referencia (ausencia de error) en algunas regiones, pero los puntos de los datos estaban muy dispersos en torno a la media. En algunos casos, los errores de temperatura eran superiores a 5ºC. Algunos errores con respecto a las precipitaciones llegaban al 200 por ciento, pero la mayoría de ellos eran en general inferiores al 100 por ciento, al menos de junio a agosto. No había un modelo que funcionara mucho mejor que los demás en todas las regiones. Teniendo en cuenta su incapacidad para establecer las condiciones actuales, no vale la pena considerar las proyecciones de los modelos para el futuro. En la actualidad, los MCM proporcionan poca información sobre la circulación general o las respuestas oceánicas en el futuro.
Gaseous emissions from dinosaurs may have warmed prehistoric earthMay 7th, 2012 in Space & Earth / Earth SciencesDinosaurs may have emitted as much methane as animals and industry together do nowSchoolchildren at the "Walking with Dinosaurs" exhibition in London's O2 Arena in 2009. Giant dinosaurs that roamed the Earth millions of years ago may have warmed the planet with the gas they produced from eating leafy plants, British scientists say.Sauropod dinosaurs could in principle have produced enough of the greenhouse gas methane to warm the climate many millions of years ago, at a time when the Earth was warm and wet. That's according to calculations reported in the May 8th issue of Current Biology, a Cell Press publication.The hulking sauropods, distinctive for their enormous size and unusually long necks, were widespread about 150 million years ago. As in cows, methane-producing microbes aided the sauropods' digestion by fermenting their plant food."A simple mathematical model suggests that the microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced enough methane to have an important effect on the Mesozoic climate," said Dave Wilkinson of Liverpool John Moores University. "Indeed, our calculations suggest that these dinosaurs could have produced more methane than all modern sources—both natural and man-made—put together."Wilkinson and study coauthor Graeme Ruxton from the University of St Andrews were studying sauropod ecology when a question dawned on them: If modern cows produce enough methane gas to be of interest to climate scientists, what about sauropods? They teamed up with methane expert Euan Nisbet at the University of London to work out the numbers."Clearly, trying to estimate this for animals that are unlike anything living has to be a bit of an educated guess," Wilkinson said.Animal physiologists have studied methane production from a range of modern animals to derive equations that predict methane production from animals of different sizes. It turns out that those calculations depend only on the total mass of the animals in question. A medium-sized sauropod weighed something like 20,000 kilograms, and sauropods lived in densities ranging from a few large adults to a few tens of individuals per square kilometer.Wilkinson, Ruxton, and Nisbet therefore calculate global methane emissions from sauropods to have been 520 million tons (520 Tg) per year, comparable to total modern methane emissions. Before industry took off on modern Earth about 150 years ago, methane emissions were roughly 200 Tg per year. By comparison, modern ruminant animals, including cows, goats, giraffes, and others, produce methane emission of 50 to 100 Tg per year.The study's conclusions not only show "just how strange and wonderful the workings of the planet are" but also serve as a useful reminder for the importance of microbes and methane for global climate, the researchers say.More information: Wilkinson et al.: "Could methane produced by sauropod dinosaurs have helped drive Mesozoic climate warmth?." Current Biology, May 8, 2012.Provided by Cell Press"Gaseous emissions from dinosaurs may have warmed prehistoric earth." May 7th, 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-05-gaseous-emissions-dinosaurs-prehistoric-earth.html
Aumentan un 9,2 por ciento las emisiones de CO2 del sector de la industria y la energíaMadrid, 8 may (EFE).- Las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) por parte de los sectores de la industria y la energía en España han aumentado un 9,2 por ciento en 2011, a pesar de la crisis económica y por "efecto claro" del Real Decreto conocido como Decreto del carbón.Así lo ha avanzado hoy el ministro de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Miguel Arias Cañete, durante su primera comparecencia ante la Comisión de Cambio Climático del Congreso de los Diputados.Aunque el ministro no ha adelantado la cifra de emisiones de CO2 que ha supuesto en 2011 el sector difuso (residencial, comercial transporte...), sí ha reconocido que este sector es el verdadero "talón de Aquiles" para que España consiga cumplir con el Protocolo de Kioto, donde se fijó un objetivo del 15% de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero en 2012 con respecto a niveles de 1990.Para reducir las emisiones de los difusos ha anunciado 19 medidas encaminadas, algunas, a impulsar que la Administración y las empresas privadas calculen su huella de carbono.
Hug The Monster’: Why So Many Climate Scientists Have Stopped Downplaying the Climate ThreatBy Joe Romm on May 7, 2012 at 5:33 pmJournalist Bill Blakemore has a great piece on ABC’s website: ‘Hug the Monster’ for Realistic Hope in Global Warming (or How to Transform Your Fearful Inner Climate).He offers advice to journalists in covering climate change — and advice to the rest of us in a world captured by denial.The piece helps dispel the myth that climate scientists have long been overhyping climate impacts — when everyone who actually follows climate science and talks to any significant number of climate scientists knows that the reverse is true. As Blakemore writes: Established scientists, community and government leaders and journalists, as they describe the disruptions, suffering and destruction that manmade global warming is already producing, with far worse in the offing if humanity doesn’t somehow control it, are starting to allow themselves publicly to use terms like “calamity,” “catastrophe”, and “risk to the collective civilization”…. A few years ago, this reporter heard a prominent climate and environment scientist speaking at a large but off-the-record conference of experts and policy makers from around the world who had gathered at Harvard University’s Kennedy School…. He told us that he and most other climate scientists often simply didn’t want to speak openly about what they were learning about how disruptive and frightening the changes of manmade global warming were clearly going to be for “fear of paralyzing the public.” That speaker now has an influential job in the Obama administration.Climate scientists have been consistently downplaying and underestimating the risks for three main reasons. First, their models tended to ignore the myriad amplifying carbon cycle feedbacks that we now know are kicking in (such as the defrosting tundra).Second, they never imagined that the nations of the world would completely ignored their warnings, that we would knowingly choose catastrophe. So until recently they hardly ever seriously considered or modeled the do-nothing scenario, which is a tripling (820 ppm) or quadrupling (1100 ppm) of preindustrial levels of carbon dioxide over the next hundred years or so. In the last 2 or 3 years, however, the literature in this area has exploded and the picture it paints is not pretty (see “An Illustrated Guide to the Science of Global Warming Impacts: How We Know Inaction Is the Gravest Threat Humanity Faces“).Third, as Blakemore (and others) have noted, the overwhelming majority of climate scientists are generally reticent and cautious in stating results — all the more so in this case out of the mistaken fear that an accurate diagnosis would somehow make action less likely. Yes, it’d be like a doctor telling a two-pack-a-day patient with early-stage emphysema that their cough is really not that big a deal, but would they please quit smoking anyway. We live in a world, however, where anyone who tries to explain what the science suggests is likely to happen if we keep doing nothing is attacked as an alarmist by conservatives, disinformers, and their enablers in the media.Back in 2005, the physicist Mark Bowen wrote about glaciologist Lonnie Thompson: “Scientists have an annoying habit of backing off when they’re asked to make a plain statement, and climatologists tend to be worse than most.”The good news, if you can call it that, is that the climate situation has become so dire that even the most reticent climatologists are starting to speak more bluntly. By the end of 2010, Thompson was writing: Climatologists, like other scientists, tend to be a stolid group. We are not given to theatrical rantings about falling skies. Most of us are far more comfortable in our laboratories or gathering data in the field than we are giving interviews to journalists or speaking before Congressional committees. Why then are climatologists speaking out about the dangers of global warming? The answer is that virtually all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization.Blakemore points out some other climate scientists who are starting to speak out: A few days ago in the New York Times, a thoroughgoing front page article about global warming quoted a range of scientists on the overall effect of the global upheavals that can be expected from manmade global warming. Here are three excerpts — bolded highlights mine: “‘The big damages come if the climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases turns out to be high,’ said Raymond T. Pierre-humbert, a climate scientist at the University of Chicago. ‘Then it’s not a bullet headed at us, but a thermonuclear warhead.’” (Recent scientific studies report the climate’s sensitivity to greenhouse gases is proving to be higher than expected.) “Ultimately, as the climate continues warming and more data accumulate, it will become obvious how clouds are reacting. But that could take decades, scientists say, and if the answer turns out to be that catastrophe looms, it would most likely be too late.” “‘Even if there were no political implications, it just seems deeply unprofessional and irresponsible to look at this and say, “We’re sure it’s not a problem,” ‘ said Kerry A. Emanuel, another M.I.T. scientist. ‘It’s a special kind of risk, because it’s a risk to the collective civilization.’“ ‘A Risk to the Collective (Global) Civilization’ Global warming’s “risk to the collective civilization” (meaning global civilization) has been continually spoken of in secret or unofficial or private conversations among engaged climate scientists and government and policy leaders around the world. Such terms — catastrophe, threat to civilization itself — have been commonplace in carefully worded private discussions among peer-reviewed experts that this reporter and other journalists have often experienced and sometimes engaged in.I heard that from many, many climate scientists in private as far back as 2005 and 2006, which is why I titled my book, Hell and High Water. Other journalists heard the same, which is why, for instance, Elizabeth Kolbert wrote at the time: “It may seem impossible to imagine that a technologically advanced society could choose, in essence, to destroy itself, but that is what we are now in the process of doing.”So what does Blakemore mean by “Hug the Monster,” by his ”Metaphor to Change Fear Into Action and Extinguish the Panic and Despair so Deadly in a Great Crisis”? He explains: “Hug the monster” is a metaphor taught by U.S. Air Force trainers to those headed into harm’s way. The monster is your fear in a sudden crisis — as when you find yourself trapped in a downed plane or a burning house. If you freeze or panic — if you go into merely reactive “brainlock” — you’re lost. But if your mind has been prepared in advance to recognize the psychological grip of fear, focus on it, and then transform its intense energy into action — sometimes even by changing it into anger — and by also engaging the thinking part of your brain to work the problem, your chances of survival go way up. Around the world, a growing number of people are showing signs of hugging the monster of what the world’s experts have plainly shown to be a great crisis facing us all…. Sooner or later, everyone who learns about the rapid advance of manmade global warming must deal with the question of fear.What to do about this fear?Blakemore quotes from “Hug the Monster: How Fear Can Save Your Life,” the title of a chapter in The Survivor’s Club: The Secrets and Science that Could Save Your Life, a book written by ABC’s Ben Sherwood before he became president of ABC News: Nowhere in the book does Sherwood mention climate change, but here’s a passage from the end of that chapter that struck this reporter for its relevance to the increasingly public questions about how our global civilization will deal with the advance of global warming: Fear as a Security System — When Properly Used (Air Force Mantra) “Without a doubt, fear is the most ancient, efficient, and effective security system in the world. Over many thousands of years, our magnificently wired brains have sensed, reacted, and then acted upon every imaginable threat. Practically speaking, when you manage fear, your chances improve in almost every situation. But if your alarms go haywire, your odds plummet.” He concludes: “For survival then, here’s the bottom line. If you’re scared out of your mind, try to remember this Air Force mantra: Hug The monster. Wrap your arms around fear, wrestle it under control, and turn it into a driving force in your plan of attack. ‘Survival is not about bravery and heroics,’ award-winning journalist Laurence Gonzales writes in his superb book Deep Survival. ‘Survivors aren’t fearless. They use fear: They turn it into anger and focus.’ The good news is that you can learn to subdue the monster and extinguish some of the clanging bells. The more you practice, the easier it becomes. Indeed, with enough hugs, you can even tame the beast and turn him into your best friend and most dependable ally.”And here is Blakemore’s advice for journalists covering this most important of stories: As a growing number of professional journalists around the world are finding, the story of manmade global warming (and the other evil twin of excess carbon emissions, the rapid acidification of the oceans) is unprecedented in its scale, almost “too big to cover,” and frightening. But there are now signs that, little by little, voices and personalities are beginning to emerge around the world who are starting to hug this monster, manage the fear, and turning the emotions it causes into action. For us journalists, the core responsibilities of our profession include knowing how to report unpleasant but important facts — and to do so in ways that nonetheless engage groups small and large, even in a sense “entertain” them, as in entertaining the mind, and to try to win their tacit appreciation for doing so. Obviously, when the news is horrendous, such as, say, a looming world war or the rapid climb in global temperature and ocean acidification, our job includes the very essence of what it means to hug the monster. But as this reporter and a growing number of others now working the story can report, once we do so, manmade global warming transforms into “a great story” (in our profession’s term of art) — and even one in which it is possible to glimpse a number of reasons for “realistic hope.” To be continued….I look forward to Blakemore’s further writing on climate change, a subject that — considering its likely impact on humanit – has been woefully neglected by most of his fellow journalists.
The earth's climate system is warmed by 35 C due to the emission of downward infrared radiation by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (surface radiative forcing) or by the absorption of upward infrared radiation (radiative trapping). Increases in this emission/absorption are the driving force behind global warming. Climate models predict that the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has altered the radiative energy balance at the earth's surface by several percent by increasing the greenhouse radiation from the atmosphere. With measurements at high spectral resolution, this increase can be quantitatively attributed to each of several anthropogenic gases. Radiance spectra of the greenhouse radiation from the atmosphere have been measured at ground level from several Canadian sites using FTIR spectroscopy at high resolution. The forcing radiative fluxes from CFC11, CFC12, CCl4, HNO3, O3, N2O, CH4, CO and CO2 have been quantitatively determined over a range of seasons. The contributions from stratospheric ozone and tropospheric ozone are separated by our measurement techniques. A comparison between our measurements of surface forcing emission and measurements of radiative trapping absorption from the IMG satellite instrument shows reasonable agreement. The experimental fluxes are simulated well by the FASCOD3 radiation code. This code has been used to calculate the model predicted increase in surface radiative forcing since 1850 to be 2.55 W/m2. In comparison, an ensemble summary of our measurements indicates that an energy flux imbalance of 3.5 W/m2 has been created by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases since 1850. This experimental data should effectively end the argument by skeptics that no experimental evidence exists for the connection between greenhouse gas increases in the atmosphere and global warming.
The Earth’s energy balance is key to understanding climate and climate variations that are caused by natural and anthropogenic changes in the atmospheric composition. Despite abundant observational evidence for changes in the energy balance over the past decades1, 2, 3, the formal detection of climate warming and its attribution to human influence has so far relied mostly on the difference between spatio-temporal warming patterns of natural and anthropogenic origin4, 5, 6. Here we present an alternative attribution method that relies on the principle of conservation of energy, without assumptions about spatial warming patterns. Based on a massive ensemble of simulations with an intermediate-complexity climate model we demonstrate that known changes in the global energy balance and in radiative forcing tightly constrain the magnitude of anthropogenic warming. We find that since the mid-twentieth century, greenhouse gases contributed 0.85 °C of warming (5–95% uncertainty: 0.6–1.1 °C), about half of which was offset by the cooling effects of aerosols, with a total observed change in global temperature of about 0.56 °C. The observed trends are extremely unlikely (<5%) to be caused by internal variability, even if current models were found to strongly underestimate it. Our method is complementary to optimal fingerprinting attribution and produces fully consistent results, thus suggesting an even higher confidence that human-induced causes dominate the observed warming.
La acidificación de los océanos tiene que ver con cienmil factores diferentes, influyendo mucho más la contaminación que ha reducido la masa de placton eliminando la capacidad de fijar carbono de los océanos. No es necesario un incremento de CO2 en la atmósfera para explicarlo. La despoblación de los océanos (Que nada tiene que ver con el cambio climático, y mucho con vertidos, polución y tema nuclear) lo explica sobradamente. No entra más CO2, simplemente se procesa menos.
Over 70% of the global land area sampled showed a significant decrease in the annual occurrence of cold nights and a significant increase in the annual occurrence of warm nights. Some regions experienced a more than doubling of these indices. This implies a positive shift in the distribution of daily minimum temperature throughout the globe. Daily maximum temperature indices showed similar changes but with smaller magnitudes
An analysis of those indices for which seasonal time series are available shows that these changes occur for all seasons although they are generally least pronounced for September to November
¿No encuentra incoherencia al hecho de que no podamos predecir el clima a una semana vista, pero los satélites confirmen las predicciones de mágicos modelos matemáticos a en un par de años? No.¿Ha estudiado con detenimiento como se consolidan los datos climáticos tomados de estaciones (Imagino que de satélites igual)?No pero estaré encantado que me diga qué problema le ves.¿Es consciente de que los modelos que ahora tienen 20 años (Y no diferen tanto de los actuales) son descartados (Al haber fallado estrepitosamente en sus conclusiones) bajo el argumento "Antes no sabíamos tanto como ahora"?Cómo por ejemplo el siguiente modelo http://thedgw.org/definitionsOut/..%5Cdocs%5CHansen_climate_impact_of_increasing_co2.pdf (ver página 9) y su comparación con las temperaturas actuales?
Para comenzar, no hay absolutamente nada que indique que es la irradiación la que afecta al clima. Las manchas solares afectan realmente poco a la irradiación, asique es dudoso pensar que esa sea la relación; de haberla, debería ser otra (Vientos solares, por ejemplo; que se ven profundamente afectados por este fenómeno).
However, these findings are not relevant to any debatesabout modern climate change. Our results show that the observed rapid rise inglobal mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability,whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solarvariation is amplified.
AbstractWe analyze five prominent time series of global temperature (over land and ocean) for theircommon time interval since 1979: three surface temperature records (from NASA/GISS,NOAA/NCDC and HadCRU) and two lower-troposphere (LT) temperature records based onsatellite microwave sensors (from RSS and UAH). All five series show consistent globalwarming trends ranging from 0.014 to 0.018 K yr-1. When the data are adjusted to remove theestimated impact of known factors on short-term temperature variations (El Nino/southern ˜oscillation, volcanic aerosols and solar variability), the global warming signal becomes evenmore evident as noise is reduced. Lower-troposphere temperature responds more strongly toEl Nino/southern oscillation and to volcanic forcing than surface temperature data. The ˜adjusted data show warming at very similar rates to the unadjusted data, with smaller probableerrors, and the warming rate is steady over the whole time interval. In all adjusted series, thetwo hottest years are 2009 and 2010.
ABSTRACTWe use a flux transport model to simulate the evolution of the Sun’s total and open magnetic flux over the last 26solar cycles (1713–1996). Polar field reversals are maintained by varying the meridional flow speed between 11 and20 m s1, with the poleward-directed surface flow being slower during low-amplitude cycles. If the strengths of theactive regions are fixed but their numbers are taken to be proportional to the cycle amplitude, the open flux is foundto scale approximately as the square root of the cycle amplitude. However, the scaling becomes linear if the numberof active regions per cycle is fixed but their average strength is taken to be proportional to the cycle amplitude. Evenwith the inclusion of a secularly varying ephemeral region background, the increase in the total photospheric fluxbetween the Maunder minimum and the end of solar cycle 21 is at most one-third of its minimum-to-maximumvariation during the latter cycle. The simulations are compared with geomagnetic activity and cosmogenic isotoperecords and are used to derive a new reconstruction of total solar irradiance ( TSI ). The increase in cycle-averagedTSI since the Maunder minimum is estimated to be 1 W m2. Because the diffusive decay rate accelerates as theaverage spacing between active regions decreases, the photospheric magnetic flux and facular brightness growmore slowly than the sunspot number and TSI saturates during the highest amplitude cycles.
...A ver si va a resultar que nos creemos más importantes de lo que realmente somos...
Si me permiten sumarme al debate...En mi opinión existen "indicios razonables" (que no pruebas irrefutables) de que 1) podría estar en curso un cambio hacia un estado climático de temperaturas significativamente más altas y 2) que ese efecto podría ser de causa antropogénica. Creo que el tema tiene implicaciones lo suficientemente importantes como para que se sigan dedicando recursos e investigando para confirmar (o en su caso, rebatir) esos indicios.@Starkiller: El punto importante no es si en el último milenio (o durante el holoceno) se han dado o no temperaturas mayores que las actuales.La cuestión es si el rápido y sostenido ritmo de aumento de la temperatura que se observa actualmente 1) puede (o no) atribuirse a una causa natural, y por ahora parece que no: el ciclo de manchas solares y el fin del periodo interglacial apuntarían a un enfriamiento en el muy corto plazo (décadas) y en el corto/medio plazo (milenios), respectivamente.2) va a seguir siendo tan rápido durante las próximas décadas, lo que pondría contra las cuerdas no sólo la capacidad de adaptación de muchas especies sino también la nuestra.Y lo peor es la incertidumbre de si lo que se observa en la actualidad es sólo parte de una oscilación propia del estado actual del sistema climático o si (y esto sería lo chungo) se trata del comienzo de una transición a otro estado del sistema completamente diferente.Estoy de acuerdo en que, con los datos actuales, la hipótesis de un cambio climático en curso no es irrefutable, pero es el principal sospechoso.
Shevek, estoy de acuerdo en que tenemos una influencia no pequeña en el desarrollo del clima mundial. En lo que no concuerdo es que eso sea lo chungo per se.
Un cambio climático que suponga una caída importante de la capacidad de carga biológica del planeta es siempre chungo, da igual que su origen sea la propia dinámica de la naturaleza o la acción humana.
De hecho, pienso que la mayor utilidad del debate sobre el cambio climático es que tenemos que aprender a gestionar el clima conscientemente, porque si no nos acabaremos extinguiendo, ya sea por causas naturales o autogeneradas.