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Sobre la deuda de Estados Unidos de América. [...]Cuánto más crece la deuda externa neta de EE.UU. está cada vez más en manos de sus acreedores. Puede disponer del mayor arsenal militar del mundo. Pero sin financiación, no hay fiesta. Sin money, no party.
El rey de Lidia, Creso, enseñó al ateniense Solón, entre otras diferentes cosas, su inmenso tesoro, preguntándole que le parecía su poder; a lo que respondió Solón que por aquella riqueza no lo juzgaba muy fuerte, puesto que la guerra se hacia con hierro y no con oro, y alguno con más hierro que él, podía quitarle el oro.
Ya no tengo dudas acerca del sistema financiero.He salido de la cueva hace mucho.PD: para que leer a un alumno mediocre pudiendo leer a los auténticos maestros ¿? (Marx, Ricardo y Smith).
El dinero representa riqueza existente en su mayor parte, pero también hay una parte que es ficticia en el sentido de no realizada, futura, potencial.Y es uno de sus aspectos más peligrosos a la par que poderosos para bien.La deuda publica no se respalda con riqueza actual, sino con riqueza futura hipotecada.En ese sentido es potencial pero no actual.En el caso de que se emita moneda y finalmente no se realice la riqueza, tras ejecutar avales, deberas necesariamente que devaluar.Y es a donde se agarran los auditoristas de deuda y los chatarreros.Cada uno por su lado.
The Say’s Law/Walras’s Law fallacy of ignoring the role of credit is the foundation of the neoclassical (and Austrian) argument that ‘general gluts’ and depressions are impossible, and that all crises are really sectoral imbalances which can be corrected by price adjustments alone. Once this fallacy is removed, depressions or ‘general gluts’ (and general booms) are possible, and the contraction of credit plays a key role in them. But credit which is not backed by existing goods is also an essential feature of an expanding economy as well, as Schumpeter explains more clearly than either Minsky or Marx.Schumpeter focused upon the role of entrepreneurs in capitalism, and made the point that an entrepreneur is someone with an idea but not necessarily the finance needed to put that idea into motion.10 The entrepreneur therefore must borrow money to be able to purchase the goods and labor needed to turn his idea into a final product. This money, borrowed from a bank, adds to the demand for existing goods and services generated by the sale of those existing goods and services.Cita de: SchumpeterThe fundamental notion that the essence of economic development consists in a different employment of existing services of labor and land leads us to the statement that the carrying out of new combinations takes place through the withdrawal of services of labor and land from their previous employments […] this again leads us to two heresies: first to the heresy that money, and then to the second heresy that also other means of payment, perform an essential function, hence that processes in terms of means of payment are not merely reflexes of processes in terms of goods. In every possible strain, with rare unanimity, even with impatience and moral and intellectual indignation, a very long line of theorists have assured us of the opposite […]From this it follows, therefore, that in real life total credit must be greater than it could be if there were only fully covered credit. The credit structure projects not only beyond the existing gold basis, but also beyond the existing commodity basis.(Schumpeter 1934: 95, 101; emphasis added)This Marx-Schumpeter-Minsky perspective thus integrates production, exchange and credit as holistic aspects of a capitalist economy, and therefore as essential elements of any theory of capitalism. Neoclassical economics, in contrast, can only analyze an exchange or simple commodity production economy in which money is simply a means to make barter easier.Say’s Principle, which insists that the sum of all notional excess demands is zero, is a model of a capitalist economy without production and, most importantly, without capitalists.
The fundamental notion that the essence of economic development consists in a different employment of existing services of labor and land leads us to the statement that the carrying out of new combinations takes place through the withdrawal of services of labor and land from their previous employments […] this again leads us to two heresies: first to the heresy that money, and then to the second heresy that also other means of payment, perform an essential function, hence that processes in terms of means of payment are not merely reflexes of processes in terms of goods. In every possible strain, with rare unanimity, even with impatience and moral and intellectual indignation, a very long line of theorists have assured us of the opposite […]From this it follows, therefore, that in real life total credit must be greater than it could be if there were only fully covered credit. The credit structure projects not only beyond the existing gold basis, but also beyond the existing commodity basis.
No, si está muy bien que cada uno crea en lo que le da la gana (chemtrails, vacunas...)Pero la verdad es que los Bancos Centrales son quienes crean el dinero, y lo hace desde el fundamento de la representación de riqueza del área económica.
The ‘Money Multiplier’ model assumes that banks need excess reserves before they can make loans. The model process is that first deposits are made, creating excess reserves, and then these excess reserves allow loans to be made, which create more deposits. Each new loan reduces the level of excess reserves, and the process stops when this excess has fallen to zero.But in reality, Holmes pointed out, banks create loans first, which simultaneously creates deposits. If the level of loans and deposits then means that banks have insufficient reserves, then they get them afterwards – and they have a two-week period in which to do so.9 In contrast to the Money Multiplier fantasy of bank managers who are unable to lend until they receive more deposits, the real-world practicality of banking was that the time delay between deposits and reserves meant that the direction of causation flowed, not from reserves to loans, but from loans to reserves.Banks, which have the reserves needed to back the loans they have previously made, extend new loans, which create new deposits simultaneously. If this then generates a need for new reserves, and the Federal Reserve refuses to supply them, then it would force banks to recall old or newly issued loans, and cause a ‘credit crunch.’The Federal Reserve is therefore under great pressure to provide those reserves. It has some discretion about how to provide them, but unless it is willing to cause serious financial ructions to commerce on an almost weekly basis, it has no discretion about whether those reserves should be provided.Holmes summed up the monetarist objective of controlling inflation by controlling the growth of base money – and by inference the Money Multiplier model itself – as suffering from ‘a naive assumption’:Cita de: Holmesthat the banking system only expands loans after the [Federal Reserve] System (or market factors) have put reserves in the banking system. In the real world, banks extend credit, creating deposits in the process, and look for the reserves later. The question then becomes one of whether and how the Federal Reserve will accommodate the demand for reserves. In the very short run, the Federal Reserve has little or no choice about accommodating that demand; over time, its influence can obviously be felt. (Holmes 1969: 73; emphasis added) With causation actually running from bank lending and the deposits it creates to reserve creation, the changes in credit money should therefore precede changes in fiat money. This is the opposite of what is implied by the ‘Money Multiplier’ model (since in it government money – base money or M0 – has to be created before credit money – M1, M2 and M3 – can be created), and it is precisely what Kydland and Prescott found in their empirical analysis of the timing of economic variables:CitarThere is no evidence that either the monetary base or M1 leads the cycle, although some economists still believe this monetary myth. Both the monetary base and M1 series are generally procyclical and, if anything, the monetary base lags the cycle slightly […] The difference in the behavior of M1 and M2 suggests that the difference of these aggregates (M2 minus M1) should be considered […] The difference of M2–M1 leads the cycle by even more than M2, with the lead being about three quarters […] (Kydland and Prescott 1990: 4)Well before Kydland and Prescott reached this statistical conclusion, the post-Keynesian economist Basil Moore pointed out the implication of the actual money creation process for macroeconomic theory. When macroeconomic models actually considered the role of money, they treated the money supply as an exogenous variable under the direct control of the government – this is an essential feature of Hicks’s IS-LM model, for instance. But since credit money is created before and causes changes in government money, the money supply must instead be endogenous.The ‘Money Multiplier’ model of money creation was therefore a fallacy:CitarThis traditional view of the bank money creation process relies on the bank reserves– multiplier relation. The Fed is posited to be able to affect the quantity of bank deposits, and thereby the money stock, by determining the nominal amount of the reserve base or by changing the reserve multiplier […]There is now mounting evidence that the traditional characterization of the money supply process, which views changes in an exogenously controlled reserve aggregate as ‘causing’ changes in some money stock aggregate, is fundamentally mistaken. Although there is a reasonably stable relationship between the high-powered base and the money stock, and between the money stock and aggregate money income, the causal relationship implied is exactly the reverse of the traditional view. (Moore 1983: 538)
that the banking system only expands loans after the [Federal Reserve] System (or market factors) have put reserves in the banking system. In the real world, banks extend credit, creating deposits in the process, and look for the reserves later. The question then becomes one of whether and how the Federal Reserve will accommodate the demand for reserves. In the very short run, the Federal Reserve has little or no choice about accommodating that demand; over time, its influence can obviously be felt.
There is no evidence that either the monetary base or M1 leads the cycle, although some economists still believe this monetary myth. Both the monetary base and M1 series are generally procyclical and, if anything, the monetary base lags the cycle slightly […] The difference in the behavior of M1 and M2 suggests that the difference of these aggregates (M2 minus M1) should be considered […] The difference of M2–M1 leads the cycle by even more than M2, with the lead being about three quarters […]
This traditional view of the bank money creation process relies on the bank reserves– multiplier relation. The Fed is posited to be able to affect the quantity of bank deposits, and thereby the money stock, by determining the nominal amount of the reserve base or by changing the reserve multiplier […]There is now mounting evidence that the traditional characterization of the money supply process, which views changes in an exogenously controlled reserve aggregate as ‘causing’ changes in some money stock aggregate, is fundamentally mistaken. Although there is a reasonably stable relationship between the high-powered base and the money stock, and between the money stock and aggregate money income, the causal relationship implied is exactly the reverse of the traditional view.
Pero no de ahora, de siempre. Y me voy a apoyar en un ejemplo simplón:¿Donde estaba "la deuda" antes de Breton Woods? El dinero representaba oro --> Y el oro representaba la riqueza de un país.Es decir, la moneda representa la riqueza de un país, no su deuda
En este punto, yo pregunto:¿El dinero con patrón oro representa deuda?
¿El dinero con patrón fiat representa deuda?
Entre la Conferencia de Génova de 1922 y antes de Bretton Woods no había patrón oro, sino patrón de intercambio oro, donde el oro, el dólar y la libra eran considerados monedas de reserva de “igual” calidad.
— el dinero fiduciario, o dinero en sentido estricto, que son las monedas y billetes, y que sumado a las reservas de las entidades financieras en el banco emisor conforma la base monetaria;— el dinero bancario, que crean los bancos prestando más de lo que reciben en depósito, y, por extensión, el dinero que se crea en la actividad financiera desarrollada por las entidades que conforman el sistema financiero y que se mide con los agregados monetarios M1, M2, etc.; y— el DINERO FINANCIERO, que es el dinero que se crea en la actividad financiera desarrollada por quienes no conforman el sistema financiero, cada vez que emiten pagarés, letras de cambio, bonos, acciones o cualquier título-valor, es decir, cada vez que incorporan derechos de crédito a titulos abstractos transmisibles.
Larry Page, dans son communiqué sur ce nouveau nom, nous livre un autre sens, plus profond: "un jeu de mots réservé aux puristes", souligne l'expert. "Alpha" représente en langage financier le retour sur investissement, et "bet" provient du verbe parier en anglais. L'alpha-bet serait donc le pari du retour sur investissement, par opposition à la vieille école du mix-marketing et du benchmark".Page, en su comunicado sobre el nuevo nombre, nos facilita otro sentido más profundo: "es un juego de palabras para puristas" dice el publicista. "Alpha" en lenguaje financiero representa el retorno sobre inversión (ROI) y "bet" proviene del verbo apostar en inglés. Alphabet sería por tanto la apuesta del retorno sobre inversión por oposición a la vieja escuela del mix-marketing y del benchmark .
Gracias por traer a Keen, pero...Cita de: lectorhinfluyente1984 en Agosto 25, 2015, 12:45:24 pmEntre la Conferencia de Génova de 1922 y antes de Bretton Woods no había patrón oro, sino patrón de intercambio oro, donde el oro, el dólar y la libra eran considerados monedas de reserva de “igual” calidad.Osea que es reserva. Reserva de valor, para ser más exactos
This paradoxical situation was the effect of a profound modification, insidiously brought about, in the monetary systems of convertible-currency countries in pursuance of a recommendation by the International Monetary Conference that met at Genoa in April-May 1922.Resolution 9 of this conference urged "the conclusion of an international convention for savings in the use of gold by maintaining reserves in the form of foreign balances."It is in the application of this recommendation that the conditions known only under the Anglo-Saxon name of "gold-exchange standard" replaced the old gold standard after the First World War— mainly in France and Germany and in all countries whose currencies had been restored by the Financial Committee of the League of Nations.Under this system, the banks of issue are authorized to create money which is backed not only by claims denominated in the national currency and by their gold stock, but also by foreign exchange payable in gold—that is to say, after the First World War, payable in pounds sterling and dollars.As a result of this large influx of sterling and dollars from overseas to the countries that had recently recovered, the Continental banks of issue did not ask for payment in gold, as they would have been required to do, at least for the most part of those resources, under the gold standard. Instead, they left the pounds and dollars in deposit at their place of origin, where they were usually loaned to national borrowers. The banks of issue viewed this new system with all the more favor because it substituted in their balance sheets interest-bearing assets for ingots or gold specie that were entirely unproductive.The unending feedback of the dollars and pounds received by the European countries to the overseas countries from which they had come reduced the international monetary system to a mere child's game in which one party had agreed to return the loser's stake after each game of marbles.[…]Thus, the United States did not have to settle that part of their balance-of-payments deficit with other countries. Everything took place on the monetary plane just as if the deficit had not existed.In this way, the gold-exchange standard brought about an immense revolution and produced the secret of a deficit without tears.It allowed the countries in possession of a currency benefiting from international prestige to give without taking, to lend without borrowing, and to acquire without paying.The discovery of this secret profoundly modified the psychology of nations. It allowed countries lucky enough to have a boomerang currency to disregard the internal consequences that would have resulted from a balance-of-payments deficit under the gold standard.
Tal vez debieras preguntarte si el oro recién extraído de la mina es "deuda".
Hay 3 tipos de dinero. Código: [Seleccionar]— el dinero fiduciario, o dinero en sentido estricto, que son las monedas y billetes, y que sumado a las reservas de las entidades financieras en el banco emisor conforma la base monetaria;— el dinero bancario, que crean los bancos prestando más de lo que reciben en depósito, y, por extensión, el dinero que se crea en la actividad financiera desarrollada por las entidades que conforman el sistema financiero y que se mide con los agregados monetarios M1, M2, etc.; y— el DINERO FINANCIERO, que es el dinero que se crea en la actividad financiera desarrollada por quienes no conforman el sistema financiero, cada vez que emiten pagarés, letras de cambio, bonos, acciones o cualquier título-valor, es decir, cada vez que incorporan derechos de crédito a titulos abstractos transmisibles.¿De verdad el dinero es deuda?¿Una acción/participación de una empresa es deuda? ¿Desde cuando el Capital (acciones) es Pasivo? Es semánticamente indefendible.Saludos!!!
ACTIVOS, que existen. Riqueza que existe. Y esos activos son BONOS DEL TESORO.¿Vosotros decís que los Bonos del Gobierno Federal no valen nada?
Volviendo a los bonos USA, casualmente es China quien tiene gran parte de esos bonos. China ha comprado riqueza norteamericana. Y no son promesas de pago. La promesa sólo la veis vosotros. Los chinos intercambian riqueza por riqueza, que serán chinos pero no son tontos. El problema es que a la riqueza generada algunos la llaman deuda, lo cual genera un lío enorme que lleva a alguna gente a no saber que es el oro según sale de la mina.Sigo preguntándome porqué.
Esta ha sido el offtoppic de verano más exhausto en el que me he visto envuelto. Y es un lujo hacerlo contra argumentos (y contertulios) tan interesantes.Un saludo!
...pasan cosas como la de hoy:http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2015-08-27/its-official-china-confirms-it-has-begun-liquidating-treasuries-warns-washington
Cita de: lectorhinfluyente1984 en Agosto 27, 2015, 14:48:17 pm...pasan cosas como la de hoy:http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2015-08-27/its-official-china-confirms-it-has-begun-liquidating-treasuries-warns-washingtonPara que luego digan que el ladrillo no tiene que ver con la crisis:"Well now that China's UST liquidation frenzy has reached a pace where it could no longer be swept under the rug and/or played down as inconsequential, and now that Bill Dudley has officially opened the door for "additional quantitative easing", it would appear that the only way to prevent China and EM UST liquidation from, as Citi puts it, "choking off the US housing market," and exerting a kind of forced tightening via the UST transmission channel, will be for the FOMC to usher in QE4."