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(Dios mío, cómo funciona de bien «El ángel exterminador», de Buñuel, como alegoría o metáfora para referirse a la ciénaga en la que se han metido los diletantes popularcapitalistitas en casa de los 'nóbiles' capitalistas:- trabajadores auténticos huyendo a tiempo;- un no-poder-salir del que acaba saliéndose, sí, pero para entrar en otro no-poder-salir peor y más hilarante;- autoridades y espectadores que no podemos hacer gran cosa;- envilecimiento de las relaciones;- desguace del Estado del Bienestar;- problemas de supervivencia.)EL RELATO DE SEÑORITAS PEPIS Y TONTILOCOS.-Para glosar la Reburbuja hay dos relatos: el inmobiliario y el financiero.a) Relato inmobiliario.- La Burbuja fue un shock de demanda de compra; ahora, la Reburbuja es un shock de demanda de alquiler. En los shocks de demanda, los 'pobres' precios se ven obligados por la ley-de-la-oferta-y-la-demanda a irse por las nubes ante supuestas gigantescas cantidades demandadas por turistas y jóvenes que o no quieren, o no pueden permitirse comprar. El relato se completa con que la oferta de vivienda, en realidad, es poca porque el stock vacío está mal localizado o mal conservado, y porque llevamos una década sin construir.b) Relato financiero.- La Burbuja fue una estafa generacional de los 1980 —se sabía que no vendría ninguna inflación para reequilibrar los precios relativos que se distorsionaban—; estafa que se aprovechó para perpetrar una inmensa traída de Renta del futuro que complementó la Renta ordinaria que de verdad éramos capaces de generar, estimuló la Construcción y nos hizo creer que éramos ricos —Consumo Efecto Riqueza—. Ahora, estrangulados financieramente, estamos en un callejón financiero sin salida y nos vemos obligados a montar una Reburbuja para colocar el lastre de pisos vacíos y créditos dudosos a los tontilocos que aún quedan, antes de pasar página definitivamente. En la burbuja, la «himbersión» era comprar-para-vivir; en la Reburbuja, «comprar-para-alquilar»: de un no-poder-salir a otro no-poder-salir peor.El propio sector llama «fundamentales inmobiliarios» al relato inmobiliario; engola su voz para hablar de «rentabilidad» sumando «lo que le sacas al bicho» más «lo que ya te dan por el piso»; se niega a razonar en términos que no sean microeconómicos 'de la señorita Pepis', pero ocultando maliciosamente la pirámide-ataúd demográfica; y solo acepta discutir con nosotros por qué la juventud no «himbierte» y «tira el dinero» alquilando» —según ellos, algo pasajero—.Quienes mistifican ahora están incurriendo en una grave responsabilidad moral y, por qué no, jurídico-penal. ¿Por qué hay tanto interés en tatuar en el cerebro la memez de que los alucinantes precios de alquiler que vemos son sanos en términos 'de mercado'? ¡Que los salarios no van a subir en la misma proporción en la que lo están haciendo los alquileres! Antes al contrario, todo lo que crezca la porción de la Renta que va a rentas inmobiliarias, tendrá que reducirse del resto de destinos de Renta, principalmente, Trabajo, Empresa y Pensiones; aparte de la disminución de la productividad que supone tanto desvío de Renta a bolsillos aproductivos, encima refractarios a soportar su carga fiscal. La memez tiene un pase solo si sirve para que las entidades de crédito se liberen de basura inmobiliaria; pero esto no está sucediendo, al menos, como debiera.Recapitulemos:a) CICLO COYUNTURAL (4 AÑOS).- El punto álgido fue en el cuarto trimestre de 2015; ahora ya estamos, inequívocamente, CAYENDO EN LA RECESIÓN coyuntural; y, como en todo ciclo coyuntural declinante, tocan toneladas de "somoscojonudismo", a ver si cuela que «esta vez es diferente» y la gente se traga que va a prorrogarse en el tiempo la expansión, lo que, en sí, acelera y endurece la recesión, al consumirse las reservas que había para la misma —para regocijo de media docena de rocamboles que se salvan—; como pasa siempre en estas circunstancias, la mistificación macroeconómica se resume en lo que se llama «política del buen camino», cuyos dos ejes son- "si no abandonamos el camino",- "tenemos por delante una larga etapa de crecimiento económico y prosperidad".b) CICLO ESTRUCTURAL (4 DÉCADAS).- El modelo popularcapitalista arrancó a mediados de los 1980; tuvo su turning point en el cuarto trimestre de 2006; capituló en 2010; ahora estamos en la fase recesiva del segundo ciclo coyuntural de su transición al nuevo modelo Era Cero; y, como en todo ciclo estructural VENCIDO Y EN TRANSICIÓN AL SIGUIENTE, toca desactivar los motores del modelo superado —a regañadientes de las mayorías naturales resentidas echadas al monte—; y toca, también, hacer el rodaje del modelo de sustitución, cuya puesta en marcha ya está hecha, se quiera o no (cfr. la no-inflación como regla general, el permanente bajísimo nivel de tipos de interés —independientemente de las decisiones de las autoridades monetarias para recuperar algo de munición cara a la recesión coyuntural que se afronta—, y las grandes áreas monetarias estables a largo plazo).Ya no estamos en la subfase desesperada de congeladurismo, en la que lo prioritario era salvar la solvencia y estabilidad de las entidades financieras. Además, en España, hemos alcanzado el Estrangulamiento Financiero Total Final —como están comprendiendo, por ejemplo, en el Banco Popular, entidad con un nombre que ni pintiparado—. Ahora toca desempantanar la basura acumulada durante tantos años de capitalistitas populares y colocársela al «Vagón de los tontilocos» adoradores de dios 'semper augustus' —siempre erecto—, que han abandonado la economía productiva, pero tienen depósitos en los bancos:http://24.media.tumblr.com/b5af5b73c85f19f01211e7337dbda215/tumblr_mhcdg92q9C1qh9jr9o1_1280.jpg(Hendrick Gerritsz Pot, 1637, Frans Hals Museum)Pero es una colocación rarita. Ya no se perpetra vía avaricia/riqueza, sino vía miedo/pobreza:- «Queridos tontilocos: lo que viene no es bonito. La juventud o no quiere, o no va a poder permitirse vivir como 'himbersora' y va a tirar el dinero alquilando; dinero que puedes y debes exprimir tú. Hazte con un ramillete de pisitos-para-alquilar, ahora que todavía están baratos y que tu dinero vale algo; porque, esa es otra, el euro se va al garete con tanto político corrupto y 'megaburocracia' (*). Solo hay un dios y ese es 'el siempre erecto'. ¡Me bajo al bar! (**)».Nosotros sabemos que los tontilocos ya no tienen masa crítica para ganar de verdad referendums separatistas y elecciones; y, si los ganan, es por los pelos y en contra del ortograma, el stablishment, los cuarteles generales del capitalismo, o como quieran ustedes llamarlo. El brexitrumpismo ha sido su máximo 'maximorum'.¿Cómo podríamos llamar a esta subfase o trance en el que concurren una recesión coyuntural y la inflexión definitiva de la transición estructural del modelo popularcapitalista?Gracias por leernos.___(*) La supuesta 'megaburocracia' europea (la Comisión) es una persona jurídico pública de tamaño un poco más grande que la AEAT.(**) 'Me bajo al bar' es lo que mi mujer, andaluza, dice que oye cuando se escucha 'Al•lahu-àkbar'.Publicado por: pisitófilos creditófagos | 04/24/2017 en 08:31 a.m.
(**) 'Me bajo al bar' es lo que mi mujer, andaluza, dice que oye cuando se escucha 'Al•lahu-àkbar'.
Siempre acertado PPCC.Por añadir algo que me va a tocar de lleno, sumaría el fleco de los "poderes sociales" representados en "Patronal + Sindicatos", sesentones al unísono enarbolando la subida de los salarios a mayor gloria de su pensión primero, y de la reburbuja segundo Lástima que los capitalistas en la cuarentena, ya globalizados, sepamos que nanái de la China (nunca mejor dicho). Yo no descartaría una brecha abierta en la patronal, toda vez que los sindicatos ya han desaparecido de facto.
¿Cómo podríamos llamar a esta subfase o trance en el que concurren una recesión coyuntural y la inflexión definitiva de la transición estructural del modelo popularcapitalista?
Los sindicatos piden subida de sueldos.La patronal pide subida de sueldos Cabe preguntarse el porqué de esta anormalidad.Respuesta:1º.- Todos en la sesentena larga, saben que sueldos en negro de camarero y peluquera no son suficientes para mantener algo que no sea miseria.2º.- Sin aire no hay burbuja. Sin dinero no hay compradores. Toda vez que el dinero ya no se puede traer del futuro, sáquese del presente.Como dice PPCC las rentas empresariales y laborales están exiguas. Proponer transferencias entre ellas es ridículo. La propuesta de la patronal es ridícula y solo pretende enmascarar la realidad.Por eso -como empresario- no me extrañaría que enfilasen el mismo camino que los sindicatos (la disociación por popularcapitalismo generacional).¿Subidas desueldo que tiren de la demanda interna? Vamos hombre...
How Land Disappeared from Economic TheoryAnyone who has studied economics will be familiar with the ‘factors of production’. The best known ‘are ‘capital’ (machinery, tools, computers) and ‘labour’ (physical effort, knowledge, skills). The standard neo-classical production function is a combination of these two, with capital typically substituting for labour as firms maximize their productivity via technological innovation. The theory of marginal productivity argues that under certain assumptions, including perfect competition, market equilibrium will be attained when the marginal cost of an additional unit of capital or labour is equal to its marginal revenue. The theory has been the subject of considerable controversy, with long debates on what is really meant by capital, the role of interest rates and whether it is neatly substitutable with labour.But there has always been a third ‘factor’: Land. Neglected, obfuscated but never quite completely forgotten, the story of Land’s marginalization from mainstream economic theory is little known. But it has important implications. Putting it back in to economics, we argue in a new book, ‘Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing’, could help us better understand many of today’s most pressing social and economic problems, including excessive property prices, rising wealth inequality and stagnant productivity. Land was initially a key part of classical economic theory, so why did it get pushed aside?Classical economics, land and economic rentThe classical political economists – David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and Adam Smith – that shaped the birth of modern economics, emphasized that land had unique qualities, distinct from capital and labour, that had important influence on the dynamics of production.Get Evonomics in your inboxThey recognized that land was inherently fixed and scarce. Ricardo’s concept of ‘economic rent’ referred to the gains accruing to landholders from their exclusive ownership of a scarce resource: desirable agricultural land. Ricardo argued that the landowner was not free to choose the economic rent he or she could charge. Rather, it was determined by the cost to the labourer of farming the next most desirable but un-owned plot. Rent was thus driven by the marginal productivity of land, not labour as the population theorist Thomas Malthus had argued. On the flipside, as Adam Smith (1776: 162) noted, neither did land rents reflect the efforts of the land-owner:“The rent of land, therefore, considered as the price paid for the use of the land, is naturally a monopoly price. It is not at all proportioned to what the landlord may have laid out upon the improvement of the land, or to what he can afford to take; but to what the farmer can afford to give.”The classical economists feared that land-owners would increasingly monopolise the proceeds of growth as nations developed and desirably locational land became relatively more scarce. Eventually, as rents rose, the proportion of profits available for capital investment and wages would become so small as to lead to economic stagnation, inequality and rising unemployment. In other words, economic rent could crowd out productive investment.Marxist and socialist thinkers proposed to deal with the problem of rent by nationalizing and socializing land: in other words destroying the institution of private property. But the classical economists had a strong attachment to the latter, seeing it as a bulwark of liberal democracy and encouraging of economic progress. They instead proposed to tax it. Indeed, they argued that the majority of taxation of the nation should come from increases in land values that would naturally occur in a developing economy. Mill (1884: 629-630) saw taxation of land as a natural extension of private property:“In such a case …[land rent]… it would be no violation of the principles on which private property is grounded, if the state should appropriate this increase of wealth, or part of it, as it arises. This would not properly be taking anything from anybody; it would merely be applying an accession of wealth, created by circumstances, to the benefit of society, instead of allowing it to become an unearned appendage to the riches of a particular class.”Ricardo and Smith were mainly writing about an agrarian economy. But the law of rent applies equally in developed urban areas as the famous Land Value Tax campaigner Henry George argued in his best-selling text ‘Progress and Poverty’. Once all the un-owned land is occupied, economic rent then becomes determined by locational value. Thus the rise of communications technology and globalisation has not meant ‘the end of distance’ as some predicted. Instead, it has driven the economic pre-eminence of a few cities that are best connected to the global economy and offer the best amenities for the knowledge workers and entrepreneurs of the digital economy. The scarcity of these locations has fed a long boom in the value of land in those cities.Neoclassical economics and the obfuscation of landThe classical economists were ‘political’ in the sense that they saw a key role for the state and in particular taxation in preventing the institution of private property from constraining economic development via rent. But at the turn of the nineteenth century, a group of economists began to develop a new kind of economics, based upon universal scientific laws of supply and demand and free of normative judgements concerning power and state intervention. Land’s uniqueness as an input to production was lost along the way.John Bates Clark was one of the leading American economists of the time and recognised as the founder of neoclassical capital theory. He argued that Ricardo’s law of rent generated from the marginal productivity of land applied equally to capital and labour. It mattered little what the intrinsic properties of the factors of production were and it was better to consider them ‘…as business men conceive of it, abstractly, as a sum or fund of value in productive uses… the earnings of these funds constitute in each case a differential gain like the product of land.’ (Bates Clark 1891: 144-145)Clark developed the notion of an all-encompassing ‘fund’ of ‘pure capital’ that is homogeneous across land, labour and capital goods. From this rather fuzzy concept, developed marginal productivity theory. Land still exists in the short-run in this approach – and indeed in microeconomics textbooks – when it is generally assumed that some factors may be fixed. For example, you cannot immediately build a new factory or develop a new product to respond to new demands or changes in technology. But in the long run – which is what counts when thinking about equilibrium – all factors of production will be subject to the same variable marginal returns. All factors can be reduced to equivalent physical quantities – if a firm adds an additional unit of labour, capital good or land to its production process, it will be homogeneous to all previous units.Early 20th Century English and American economists adopted and developed Clark’s theory in to a comprehensive theory of distribution of income and economic growth that eventually usurped political economy approaches. Clark’s work became the basis for the seminal neoclassical ‘two-factor’ growth models of the 1930s developed by Roy Harrod and Bob Solow. Land –defined as locational space – is absent from such macroeconomic models.The reasons for this may well be political. Mason Gaffney, an American land economist and scholar of Henry George, has argued that Bates Clark and his followers received substantial financial support from corporate and landed interests who were determined to prevent George’s theories gaining credibility out of concerns that their wealth would be wittled away via a land tax. In contrast, theories of land rent and taxation never found an academic home. In addition, George, primarily a campaigner and journalist, never managed to forge an allegiance with American socialists who were more focused on taxing the profits of the captains of industry and the financial sector.The result was the burden of taxation came to fall upon capital (corporation tax) and labour (income tax) rather than land. A final factor preventing theories of land rent taking off the U.S. may have been the simple fact that at the beginning of the 20th century, land scarcity and fixity was perhaps less a political issue in the still expanding U.S. than in Europe, were a land value tax came closer to being adopted.Why land is differentAt first glance, neoclassical economics’ conflation of land with a broad notion of capital does seem to follow a certain logic. It is clear that both can be thought of as commodities: both can be bought and sold in a mature capitalist market. A firm can have a portfolio of assets that includes land (or property) and shares in a company (the equivalent of owning capital ‘stock’) and swap one for another using established market prices. Both land and capital goods can also be seen as store of value (consider the phrase ‘safe as houses’) and to some extent a source of liquidity, particularly given innovations in finance that have allowed people to engage in home equity withdrawal.In reality, however, land and capital are fundamentally distinctive phenomena. Land is permanent, cannot be produced or reproduced, cannot be ‘used up’ and does not depreciate. None of these features apply to capital. Capital goods are produced by humans, depreciate over time due to physical wear and tear and innovations in technology (think of computers or mobile phones) and they can be replicated. In any set of national accounts, you will find a sizeable negative number detailing physical capital stock ‘depreciation’: net not gross capital investment is the preferred variable used in calculating a nations’s output. When it comes to land, net and gross values are equal.The argument made by Bates Clark and his followers was that by removing the complexities of dynamics, the true or pure functioning of the economy will be more clearly revealed. As a result, microeconomic theory generally deals with relations of coexistence or ‘comparative statics’ (how are labour and capital combined in a single point in time to create outputs) rather than dynamic relations. This has led to a neglect of the continued creation and destruction of capital and the continued existence and non-depreciation of land.Indeed, although land values change with – or some would say drive – economic and financial cycles, in the long run land value usually appreciates rather than depreciates like capital. This is inevitable when you think about it – as the population grows, the economy develops and the capital stock increases, land remains fixed. The result is that land values (ground rents) must rise, unless there is some countervailing non-market intervention.Indeed, there is good argument that as economies mature, the demand for land relative to other consumer goods increases. Land is a ‘positional good’, the desire for which is related to one’s position in society vis a vis others and thus not subject to diminishing marginal returns like other factors. As technological developments drive down the costs of other goods, so competition over the most prized locational space rises and eats up a greater and greater share of people’s income as Adair Turner has recently argued. A recent study of 14 advanced economies found that 81% of house price increases between 1950 and 2012 can be explained by rising land prices with the remainder attributable to increases in construction costsConsequences of the neglect of landToday’s economics textbooks – in particular microeconomics – slavishly follow the tenets of marginal productivity theory. ‘Income’ is understood narrowly as a reward for one’s contribution to production whilst wealth is understood as ‘savings’ due to one’s productive investment effort, not as unearned windfalls from being the owner of land or other naturally scarce sources of value. In many advanced economies land values – and capital gains made from increasing property prices – are not properly measured and tracked over time. As Steve Roth has noted for Evonomics, the U.S.’ National accounts does not properly take in to account capital gains and changes in household’s ‘net worth’, much of which is driven by changes in land values.Even progressive economists such as Thomas Piketty have fallen in to this trap. Once you strip out capital gains (mainly on housing), Piketty’s spectacular rise in the wealth-to-income ratio recorded in advanced economics in the last 30 years starts to look very ordinary (Figure 1 shows the comparison for great Britain since 1970).Figure 1: Piketty’s Wealth to income ratio including and excluding capital gains (Great Britain, 1970-2010)Source: Ryan-Collins et al (2017) Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing, Zed Books: London, p172In the UK, land is not included as a distinct asset class in the National Accounts, despite being one of the largest and most important asset classes in the economy. Instead, the value of the underlying land is included in the value of dwellings and other buildings and structures, which are classed as ‘produced non-financial assets’ (Figure 2)As shown in Figure 2, the value of ‘dwellings’ (homes and the land underneath them) has increased by four times (or 400%) between 1995 and 2015, from £1.2 trillion to £5.5 trillion, largely due to increases in house prices rather than a change in the volume of dwellings. In contrast the forms of ‘capital’ that we associate with increases in wealth and productivity – commercial buildings, machinery, transport, Information and communications technology has grown much more slowly. Figure 2: Growth in the value of non-financial assets in the UK, 1995-2015Thus this huge growth in wealth relative to the rest of the economy originates not from the saving of income derived from people’s contribution to production (activity that would have created jobs and raised incomes), but rather from windfalls resulting from exclusive control of a scarce natural resource: land.This may help us explain – at least in part – the great ‘productivity puzzle’– that is, why productivity (and related average incomes) been flat-lining, even as ‘wealth’ has been increasing. The puzzle is explained by the fact that the majority of the growth in wealth has come from capital gains rather than increased profits (or savings) derived from productive investment, Savings are at a fifty year low in the UK even as the wealth to income ratio hits record highs.When the value of land under a house goes up, the total productive capacity of the economy is unchanged or diminished because nothing new has been produced: it merely constitutes an increase in the value of the asset. This may increase the wealth of the landowner and they may choose to spend more or drawn down some of that wealth via home equity withdrawal. But they equally many not. Moreover, the rise in the value of that asset has a corresponding cost: someone else in the economy will have to save more for a deposit or see their rents increase and as a result spend less (or, in the case of the firm, invest less).In current national accounts, however, only the increase in wealth is recorded, whilst the present discounted value of the decreased flow of resources to the rest of the economy is ignored as Joe Stiglitz has pointed out. Rising land values suck purchasing power and demand out of the economy, as the benefits of growth are concentrated in property owners with a low marginal propensity to consume, which in turn reduces spending and investment. In addition, most new credit creation by the banking system now flows in to real estate rather than productive activity. This crowds out productive investment, both by the banking system itself and non-bank investors who see the potential for much higher returns on relatively tax free real estate investment.Land values also fundamentally effect the impact of monetary policy, particularly in financially liberalized economies. If a central bank lowers interest rates to try and stimulate capital investment and consumption, it is likely to simultaneously drive up land prices and the economic rent attaching to them as more credit flows in to mortgages for domestic and commercial real estate. This has a naturally perverse effect on the capital investment and consumption effects that the lowering of interest rates was intended to achieve.Get Evonomics in your inboxBut for mainstream economists and policy makers these connections between the value of land and the macroeconomy are ignored. Housing demand is assumed to be subject to the same rules that drive desire for any other commodity: its marginal productivity and utility. Rising house prices or rents (relative to incomes) – an urgent problem in countries such as the United Kingdom – can be attributed to insufficient supply of homes or land. As with other policy challenges, such as unemployment, the focus of is on the supply side. The distribution of land and property wealth across the population, its taxation and the role of the banking system in driving up prices through increases in mortgage debt are neglected. Planning rules and other easy targets such as immigration are then blamed for the loss of control people feel as a result of insecure housing rather than its true structural causes in the land economy.Land rents: there is a ‘free lunch’Although presented as an objective theory of distribution, in fact marginal productivity theory has a strong normative element. Ultimately it leads us to a world, where, so long as there is sufficient competition and free markets, all will receive their just deserts in relation to their true contribution to society. There will, in Milton Friedman’s famous terms, be ‘no such thing as a free lunch’.But marginal productivity theory says nothing about the distribution of the ownership of factors of production – not least land. Landed-property is implicitly assumed to be the most efficient organisational form for enabling private exchange and free markets with little questioning of how property and tenure rights are distributed nor of the gains (rents) that possession of such rights grants to its holders. Ultimately, this limits what the theory can say about the distribution of income, particularly in a world where such economic rents are large. Land is the ‘mother of all monopolies’ as Winston Churchill once put it – and hence the most important one for economists to understand.But if economists are to focus on land, they must get their hands dirty. They must start examining the role of institutions, including systems of land-ownership, property-rights, land taxation and mortgage credit that are historically determined by power and class relations. In fact it is these inherently political, social and cultural developments that determine the way in which economic rent is distributed and with it, macroeconomic dynamics more generally.
Los ciudadanos sustentan la mayor recaudación tributaria de la historia
Cita de: visillófilas pepitófagas en Abril 25, 2017, 08:56:20 amLos ciudadanos sustentan la mayor recaudación tributaria de la historiaquizas quedaria tambien bonita una imagen con los otros ciento y muchos mil millones que se trincan por otros conceptos
http://lacartadelabolsa.com/leer/articulo/lo_importante_es_la_tendenciaCitarLo importante es la tendenciaSantiago Niño Becerra - Viernes, 21 de AbrilRecuerden: lo importante es la tendencia. Del reciente Informe de Primavera publicado por el FMI se ha hablado de bastantes cosas, pero hay una de la que se ha hablado muy poco: de la tendencia que marcan las previsiones que la institución ha hecho y que llegan hasta el 2022. Resulta que las cosas no son tan bonitas, en general para nadie, como algunos pintan, aunque para ciertos son peores que para otros. (El cualquier caso, en una economía postglobal no veo cómo puede a ser menos malo para unos si es malo para otros, pero bueno).Reparen en lo que el FMI dice sobre cómo va a evolucionar el PIB de España (datos en porcentaje de variación anual):2016: 3,2 (Trompetas)2017: 2,6 (El Gobierno de España dice 2,5)2018: 2,1 (El Gobierno dice 2,4)2019: 2,0 (El Gobierno dice 2,4)2020: 1,9 (El Gobierno no dice nada)2021: 1,7 (El Gobierno tampoco dice nada)2022: 1,6 (Silencio absoluto del Gobierno)El de España no es el único caso en que se produce algo así, pero es un caso muy significativo por cosas como el nivel de desempleo del factor trabajo existente en España, las cotas españolas de deuda pública y privada, el déficit, …)Es decir, España va a menos, lo que quiere decir que va a peor. (Por ello sorprende que diga el FMI que, hasta el 2020 el desempleo, la deuda pública y el déficit van a ir descendiendo; habrá que verlo).(Por si quieren ver más países: http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/ADVEC/ESP)@sninobecerraSantiago Niño-Becerra. Catedrático de Estructura Económica. IQS School of Management. Universidad Ramon Llull.
Lo importante es la tendenciaSantiago Niño Becerra - Viernes, 21 de AbrilRecuerden: lo importante es la tendencia. Del reciente Informe de Primavera publicado por el FMI se ha hablado de bastantes cosas, pero hay una de la que se ha hablado muy poco: de la tendencia que marcan las previsiones que la institución ha hecho y que llegan hasta el 2022. Resulta que las cosas no son tan bonitas, en general para nadie, como algunos pintan, aunque para ciertos son peores que para otros. (El cualquier caso, en una economía postglobal no veo cómo puede a ser menos malo para unos si es malo para otros, pero bueno).Reparen en lo que el FMI dice sobre cómo va a evolucionar el PIB de España (datos en porcentaje de variación anual):2016: 3,2 (Trompetas)2017: 2,6 (El Gobierno de España dice 2,5)2018: 2,1 (El Gobierno dice 2,4)2019: 2,0 (El Gobierno dice 2,4)2020: 1,9 (El Gobierno no dice nada)2021: 1,7 (El Gobierno tampoco dice nada)2022: 1,6 (Silencio absoluto del Gobierno)El de España no es el único caso en que se produce algo así, pero es un caso muy significativo por cosas como el nivel de desempleo del factor trabajo existente en España, las cotas españolas de deuda pública y privada, el déficit, …)Es decir, España va a menos, lo que quiere decir que va a peor. (Por ello sorprende que diga el FMI que, hasta el 2020 el desempleo, la deuda pública y el déficit van a ir descendiendo; habrá que verlo).(Por si quieren ver más países: http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/ADVEC/ESP)@sninobecerraSantiago Niño-Becerra. Catedrático de Estructura Económica. IQS School of Management. Universidad Ramon Llull.
Cita de: pisitófilos creditófagos04/15/2017 en 11:41 a.m.DIVIDENDOS (CAPITALISMO) VS. INTERESES (POPULARCAPITALISMO).-Un Balance es dos listas de cosas, cada una con su valor. A la izquierda, los bienes y derechos (Activo). A la derecha, las deudas y obligaciones (Pasivo).El Activo se subdivide en cuatro masas patrimoniales:- Inmovilizado,- Existencias,- Tesorería, y- Derechos de Crédito.El Pasivo, en dos:- Pasivo Exigible (lo que se debe a los acreedores), y- Pasivo No Exigible (lo que se 'debe' a el/los dueño/s).Podemos, pues, financiar un Activo de dos formas: vía Pasivo Exigible (préstamos) y vía Pasivo No Exigible (aportaciones de el/los dueño/s). Vía Pasivo Exigible, tendremos que pagar intereses a los prestamistas. Vía Pasivo No Exigible, tendremos que retribuir a el/los dueños con dividendos o dejando que aumente el Pasivo No Exigible cara a una futura liquidación.El problema se complica porque estas 6 masas se mueven constantemente. Piénsese, por ejemplo, que la Tesorería cambia con la venta de Existencias; si hay beneficios en esta venta, la suma de las dos masas habrá aumentado. Ese valor de más que hay a la izquierda conforma la séptima masa patrimonial, que se anota a la derecha para cuadrar el Balance:- Resultados.Los Resultados se integran, pues, por la suma algebraica de todas las diferencias que haya en las modificaciones patrimoniales. Otro ejemplo: se devuelve un préstamo con sus intereses; disminuye la Tesorería por ambas cosas; y, en la derecha, la devolución del préstamo disminuye el Pasivo Exigible, pero el pago de los intereses, los Resultados.Al final del año, se 'distribuyen' (saldan) los Resultados. Solo hay dos posibilidades: o/y se integran en el Pasivo No Exigible (acumulación como Reservas); o se distribuyen en sentido estricto disminuyendo la Tesorería, ya pagando a Hacienda (impuesto sobre los beneficios), ya retribuyendo a el/los dueños (Dividendos).
04/15/2017 en 11:41 a.m.DIVIDENDOS (CAPITALISMO) VS. INTERESES (POPULARCAPITALISMO).-Un Balance es dos listas de cosas, cada una con su valor. A la izquierda, los bienes y derechos (Activo). A la derecha, las deudas y obligaciones (Pasivo).El Activo se subdivide en cuatro masas patrimoniales:- Inmovilizado,- Existencias,- Tesorería, y- Derechos de Crédito.El Pasivo, en dos:- Pasivo Exigible (lo que se debe a los acreedores), y- Pasivo No Exigible (lo que se 'debe' a el/los dueño/s).Podemos, pues, financiar un Activo de dos formas: vía Pasivo Exigible (préstamos) y vía Pasivo No Exigible (aportaciones de el/los dueño/s). Vía Pasivo Exigible, tendremos que pagar intereses a los prestamistas. Vía Pasivo No Exigible, tendremos que retribuir a el/los dueños con dividendos o dejando que aumente el Pasivo No Exigible cara a una futura liquidación.El problema se complica porque estas 6 masas se mueven constantemente. Piénsese, por ejemplo, que la Tesorería cambia con la venta de Existencias; si hay beneficios en esta venta, la suma de las dos masas habrá aumentado. Ese valor de más que hay a la izquierda conforma la séptima masa patrimonial, que se anota a la derecha para cuadrar el Balance:- Resultados.Los Resultados se integran, pues, por la suma algebraica de todas las diferencias que haya en las modificaciones patrimoniales. Otro ejemplo: se devuelve un préstamo con sus intereses; disminuye la Tesorería por ambas cosas; y, en la derecha, la devolución del préstamo disminuye el Pasivo Exigible, pero el pago de los intereses, los Resultados.Al final del año, se 'distribuyen' (saldan) los Resultados. Solo hay dos posibilidades: o/y se integran en el Pasivo No Exigible (acumulación como Reservas); o se distribuyen en sentido estricto disminuyendo la Tesorería, ya pagando a Hacienda (impuesto sobre los beneficios), ya retribuyendo a el/los dueños (Dividendos).