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Ahora, imaginemos que para apuntalar los mercados, en vez de limitarse a proveer garantías, la Fed pudiera llevar la mayoría de los tipos de interés a corto plazo de la economía cerca o por debajo de cero (Europa y Japón ya han incursionado en territorio negativo). Supongamos que para oponer resistencia a la actual búsqueda de refugio en la deuda pública, los bancos centrales fueran más allá y bajaran las tasas de referencia a corto plazo (de golpe), digamos, a –3% o menos.Para empezar, igual que los recortes de tasas en los viejos tiempos de los tipos de interés positivos, las tasas negativas salvarían del default a muchas empresas, estados y ciudades. Con una implementación correcta (y los datos empíricos recientes lo avalan cada vez más), las tasas negativas pueden, a la manera de la política monetaria normal, reforzar la demanda agregada y aumentar el nivel de empleo. Así que antes de lanzarse a reestructurar deudas por doquier, ¿no sería mejor probar una dosis de estímulo monetario normal bajando a tipos negativos ? La factibilidad y eficacia de los tipos de interés muy negativos a -3 % o -4 %, depende de una serie de medidas básicas. La más importante, que hasta ahora no ha tomado ningún banco central (incluido el BCE) es impedir el atesoramiento de efectivo a gran escala por parte de empresas financieras, fondos de pensiones y aseguradoras. Para ello debería bastar alguna combinación de regulación, comisiones del BCE dependientes de la duración para los redepósitos a gran escala de efectivo en el banco central y retirada de los billetes de alta denominación.No es física nuclear (¿o debería decir virología?). Descartado el atesoramiento de efectivo a gran escala, la cuestión del traslado de los tipos de interés negativos a los depositantes bancarios (la mayor preocupación) queda eliminada. Incluso sin evitar totalmente el atesoramiento (algo arriesgado y costoso), para los bancos europeos ha sido cada vez más factible el traslado de las tasas negativas a los grandes depositantes. Y los gobiernos no cederían mucho al brindar a los pequeños depositantes protección total contra las tasas negativas. Repito, con suficiente tiempo y planificación adecuada, esa politica (¿o debería decir pasteurización?) monetaria es fácil de hacer.
First, we investigate how the pass-through of monetary policy to interest rates on corporate deposits varies when the central bank moves into negative territory. We concentrate on corporate rather than household deposits, because the latter are often subject to regulatory and political constraints that prevent rates from going below zero. More importantly, most household deposits are small and banks can charge fees, which are significantly more opaque, rather than varying interest rates.4 For these reasons, the question of whether banks can transfer negative rates onto deposits is most relevant for large deposits, such as corporate deposits.Using the European Central Bank (ECB)’s NIRP [Negative Interest Rates Policies] and confidential data, we find that on average the pass-through was significantly reduced when policy rates hovered either side of the zero lower bound, but that it increased again after the ECB moved more decisively into negative territory. While on average the pass-through remains lower than in periods of positive rates, there are important cross-sectional differences. Above the zero lower bound, on average all banks pass on 100% of the policy interest rate cut within 12 months. This pattern is basically unchanged for sound banks, such as investment-grade banks, once policy rates move well into negative territory and the NIRP presumably ceased to be considered a short-term policy. The transmission mechanism appears to be impaired for less healthy banks. As a result of the different pace of pass-through, an increasing number of investment grade banks and more generally sound banks start charging negative rates on corporate deposits after the start of the NIRP. A few banks even lower the 4 All banks in the euro area were able to increase fees on deposits during our sample period. Importantly, sound banks do not experience deposit outflows even if they charge negative rates. On average, deposits increase during the NIRP period, as is consistent with high demand for liquidity and safe assets. This is the case even controlling for banks’ excess liquidity in order to account for the effects of quantitative easing on bank deposits. Deposits appear to increase to a somewhat larger extent in sound banks, which are more likely to impose negative interest rates on corporate deposits during this period. Since there has been no broad-based outflow of deposits from banks charging negative rates, which instead appear to have attracted new deposits, the overall cost of funding of sound banks has decreased. Thus, as we show, banks charging negative rates extend relatively more credit. These results suggest that the ECB has not yet reached the reversal rate, at which the negative effect of a lower interest rate on bank profits may lead to a contraction in lending and economic activity (Brunnermeier and Koby, 2016). Second, we show that bank behaviour has important consequences on investment. Firms that have relationships with banks that impose negative rates on deposits are more exposed to negative rates if they hold lots of cash. These firms increase their fixed investment and decrease their short-term assets and cash. We dub this novel transmission mechanism, whereby negative rates on bank deposits spur investment, the corporate channel of monetary policy. Third, we find that while banks with higher pass-through to deposit rates are able to decrease their funding costs and extend more loans, clients with low current reserves of cash on average do not invest but increase their cash-holdings as insurance to future shocks. This indicates that due to firms’ precautionary behaviour, the lending channel of monetary policy loses effectiveness and does not produce real effects below the zero lower bound. In sum, our findings suggest that although the transmission mechanism of monetary policy might change, it is not impaired if banks are sound. Sound balance sheets appear to confer market power to banks, which consequently are better able than other banks to pass interest rates cuts onto deposit rates. Not only do sound banks pass the negative rates onto corporate depositors and keep lending, but the transmission mechanism is enhanced by the fact that firms with large cash-holdings more exposed to negative rates decrease their liquid asset holdings and invest more. Put differently, in uncertain times, negative deposit rates increase firms’ cost of hoarding cash and stimulate investment.
La pasteurización o pasterización1 es un proceso térmico que es realizado en líquidos (generalmente alimentos) con la intención de reducir la presencia de agentes patógenos (como por ejemplo ciertas bacterias, protozoos, mohos, levaduras, etc.) que puedan contener. Debido a las altas temperaturas (80 grados) la gran mayoría de los agentes bacterianos mueren. Proceso descubierto por el científico químico francés Louis Pasteur, junto a Claude Bernard el 20 de abril de 1864.
Key Pillar of EU Green Deal Nears Completion as Taxonomy Regulation Moves ForwardOn April 15, 2020, the European Council, which includes the heads of state of EU countries, adopted a regulation (the "Taxonomy Regulation") containing an EU-wide classification system for environmentally sustainable economic activities. The taxonomy is designed to determine when an economic activity qualifies as "environmentally sustainable" in order to establish the degree to which an investment in that activity is "environmentally sustainable." This standardized classification system will underpin all sustainability-related disclosure obligations.In a sign of the fast-moving pace and interconnectedness of EU regulatory change in this area, on April 23, 2020, the three European supervisory authorities launched a joint consultation on updating disclosure requirements under the sustainable finance disclosure regulation (the "Disclosure Regulation," together with the Taxonomy Regulation, the "Regulations").The Regulations will have far-reaching effects within and outside the EU, as the EU encourages (and markets may soon expect) financial market participants around the world to observe the principles and requirements contained in the Regulations. While the Regulations and related publications, such as a recent report published by the technical expert group ("TEG") advising the European Commission on sustainable finance, provide some much-needed clarity, it is also clear that covered entities will have significant new work streams to ensure compliance and significant ongoing obligations.The taxonomy framework will be based on six EU sustainability objectives:Climate change mitigation; Climate change adaptation; Sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources; Transition to a circular economy; Pollution prevention and control; andProtection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems.The Regulations will require covered entities to determine and disclose whether their economic activities linked to financial products offered as sustainable investments qualify as environmentally sustainable, or "taxonomy-aligned," on a comparatively accelerated timetable. Such activities should (i) contribute substantially to one of the six sustainability objectives; (ii) do no significant harm to any other objective; (iii) be carried out with minimum safeguards set forth in the Taxonomy Regulation; and (iv) comply with technical screening criteria. Covered entities should begin preparing now for the Regulations' ambitious timetable and extensive disclosures aimed at promoting transparency and accountability in ESG reporting and, therefore, combating "greenwashing." However, covered entities will need to remain flexible in their preparations in order to adapt to yet unpublished details of the Regulations.Once the European Parliament votes to adopt the Taxonomy Regulation, the European Commission will adopt initial delegated acts by the end of 2020 to provide technical screening criteria for reporting on the objectives of climate change mitigation and climate change adaption. Covered entities will need to provide their first set of disclosures under the Taxonomy Regulation from January 1, 2022 (for the 2021 reporting period). Subsequent delegated acts to be issued in 2021 relating to the four other sustainability objectives will require disclosure from January 1, 2023 (for the 2022 reporting period). The TEG, and by extension the European Commission itself, recognizes that this timetable presents a significant challenge to covered entities, who may not have the required information available in time. Ultimately, given the ongoing market trends focusing on ESG-related investments, a covered entity's failure to comply with the Regulations' disclosure and reporting requirements may impact its access to financing. The Regulations are thus a clear call for transition management:Large companies covered by the Non-Financial Reporting Directive 2014/95/EU (i.e., public interest entities above a specified turnover/balance sheet threshold with more than 500 employees) will be required to disclose (i) the proportion of turnover; and (ii) the amount of capital expenditure and operating expenses that are "taxonomy-aligned." The TEG recommends that covered entities analyze separately each economic activity for each of the six environmental objectives in the Taxonomy Regulation. Financial entities such as equity, debt, real estate, private equity, and venture capital funds, as well as pension schemes and insurance-based investment products, must make additional disclosures under the Disclosure Regulation, on a macro and a product level, when an investment promotes environmental or social characteristics—or be forced to include a disclaimer stating that the investment fails to account for EU sustainable finance criteria. Certain financial entities will also be required to disclose what percentage of their portfolio investments are taxonomy-aligned, as well as other taxonomy-related information in pre-contractual documents and on their websites.These disclosures are likely to have a significant impact on the operations and internal organization of covered entities, including new processes to collect, analyze and present the required data and information. Entities should at a minimum: (i) identify the covered economic activities they (or their investment portfolio) engage in; (ii) verify that these activities meet the relevant screening criteria; (iii) verify that the entity (or investment) meets the "do no significant harm" test; (iv) conduct proportionate, risk-based due diligence on each covered activity based on international guidelines; and (v) calculate what portion of the covered activity meets the taxonomy screening criteria. These new requirements may seem an overwhelming new burden, and we recommend that covered entities rapidly move to establish systems and procedures to comply with the Regulations, whether on a stand-alone basis or as part of a larger compliance program with other EU-imposed disclosure requirements.The EU intends to focus in the not-distant future on the "S" (social) and "G" (governance) aspects of ESG, which may follow the Regulations' lead on disclosure and technical screening. As stated by the TEG, future international harmonization of ESG-related taxonomies is most welcome.
EU could open legal case again Germany over ECB bond-purchases ruling: CommissionThe European Commission could open a legal case against Germany over a ruling by the country’s constitutional court that the European Central Bank had overstepped its mandate with bond purchases, the EU executive arm said on Sunday.The German court in Karlsruhe last Tuesday gave the ECB three months to justify its flagship euro zone stimulus scheme or said the Bundesbank might have to quit it.In response, the European Union’s top court - which had previously gave its green light to the ECB scheme - and the European Commission have said that EU law holds precedence over national regulations. They added that the European Court of Justice’s rulings were binding for courts in the 27 member states of the bloc.On Sunday, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen went a step further, saying the EU executive might end up opening a legal case against Berlin.“The recent ruling of the German Constitutional Court put under the spotlight two issues of the European Union: the euro system and the European legal system,” she said in a statement.“We are now analysing the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in detail. And we will look into possible next steps, which may include the option of infringement proceedings,” she said.Infringements are legal cases the Commission can bring before the Luxembourg-based Court of Justice of the EU, if the Brussels-based executive deems a member state is violating EU law. The court can order a nation to make amends, or face hefty fines.
Según mis entendederas, zaratustra no acaba nihilista sino que precisamente, sale de él y comprende lo fútil de intentar comulgar su transformación al prójimo. Y lo miserable del comportamiento humano deseando la transformación pero sin esfuerzo. El fruto sin el trabajo.Por otra parte, la falta de caridad sí es grave para el católico.El amor al prójimo es la piedra angular del católico. Las obras de caridad.A eso es a lo que renuncia zaratustra.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecb-policy-germany-eu/eu-could-open-legal-case-again-germany-over-ecb-bond-purchases-ruling-commission-idUSKBN22M0KNCitarEU could open legal case again Germany over ECB bond-purchases ruling: CommissionThe European Commission could open a legal case against Germany over a ruling by the country’s constitutional court that the European Central Bank had overstepped its mandate with bond purchases, the EU executive arm said on Sunday.The German court in Karlsruhe last Tuesday gave the ECB three months to justify its flagship euro zone stimulus scheme or said the Bundesbank might have to quit it.In response, the European Union’s top court - which had previously gave its green light to the ECB scheme - and the European Commission have said that EU law holds precedence over national regulations. They added that the European Court of Justice’s rulings were binding for courts in the 27 member states of the bloc.On Sunday, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen went a step further, saying the EU executive might end up opening a legal case against Berlin.“The recent ruling of the German Constitutional Court put under the spotlight two issues of the European Union: the euro system and the European legal system,” she said in a statement.“We are now analysing the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in detail. And we will look into possible next steps, which may include the option of infringement proceedings,” she said.Infringements are legal cases the Commission can bring before the Luxembourg-based Court of Justice of the EU, if the Brussels-based executive deems a member state is violating EU law. The court can order a nation to make amends, or face hefty fines.
Cita de: Derby en Mayo 10, 2020, 18:44:20 pmhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecb-policy-germany-eu/eu-could-open-legal-case-again-germany-over-ecb-bond-purchases-ruling-commission-idUSKBN22M0KNCitarEU could open legal case again Germany over ECB bond-purchases ruling: CommissionThe European Commission could open a legal case against Germany over a ruling by the country’s constitutional court that the European Central Bank had overstepped its mandate with bond purchases, the EU executive arm said on Sunday.The German court in Karlsruhe last Tuesday gave the ECB three months to justify its flagship euro zone stimulus scheme or said the Bundesbank might have to quit it.In response, the European Union’s top court - which had previously gave its green light to the ECB scheme - and the European Commission have said that EU law holds precedence over national regulations. They added that the European Court of Justice’s rulings were binding for courts in the 27 member states of the bloc.On Sunday, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen went a step further, saying the EU executive might end up opening a legal case against Berlin.“The recent ruling of the German Constitutional Court put under the spotlight two issues of the European Union: the euro system and the European legal system,” she said in a statement.“We are now analysing the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in detail. And we will look into possible next steps, which may include the option of infringement proceedings,” she said.Infringements are legal cases the Commission can bring before the Luxembourg-based Court of Justice of the EU, if the Brussels-based executive deems a member state is violating EU law. The court can order a nation to make amends, or face hefty fines.¿Estan amenazando a Alemania con grandes multas por lo que dijo su Constitucional?Al final esto va a acabar mal. Yo no amenazaría al que tiene la pasta. No en serio por lo menos.Pero si empiezan con amenazas supongo que es porque la sentencia es muy importante. A seguir los acontecimientos.
[...] He pensado lo mismo. Porque Alemania tiene mucho que perder con todo esto, si no ya estaban tardando los teutones en dar un puñetazo en la mesa y mandarnos al carajo.
Bruselas permitirá la entrada de los Estados en el capital de las empresas durante seis o siete añosLas firmas que se adhieran a esta medida tendrían que ser viables antes de la crisisLa Comisión Europea aprobó el viernes las normas para que los gobiernos de la UE podrán ayudar a las empresas afectadas por la crisis económica desatada por el coronavirus. Unas semanas después de que Bruselas diera luz verde a que los Estados entraran en el capital de las compañías, el organismo que preside Ursula von der Leyen da a conocer los requisitos que deben cumplirse.El primero de ellos es que las empresas que pueden beneficiarse son aquellas compañías, grandes o pequeñas, que sin esa ayuda se verían abocadas a la desaparición. Eso sí, para recibir el dinero público las empresas deberían ser viables antes de la crisis. Es decir, no se podrán adherirse a esta medida aquellas firmas que antes de la situación actual vieran comprometidas sus cuentas.Para evitar una distorsión en el mercado, la Comisión Europea señala que las razones que justificarían la inyección de dinero público serían cuestiones de interés general como el mantenimiento de la plantilla y evitar la quiebra de empresas innovadoras o de aquellas cuyos servicios sean considerados imprescindibles. Junto a estos requisitos, Bruselas establece que el tiempo máximo que podrá permanece el Estado en el capital de la empresa son seis años en el caso de las cotizadas o siete si se trata de firmas que no estén en Bolsa. Asimismo todas aquellas operaciones en las que la inyección del dinero público supere el 22% del capital o sobrepase los 250 millones de euros tendrán que ser autorizada previamente y disponer de un plan de salida. La adquisición de participaciones estará sujeta a la prohibición de repartir dividendos y a las recompras de acciones, bonos y adquisiciones.Bruselas adoptó esta medida a razón de que una eventual nacionalización de las empresas que penden de un hilo reducirá el riesgo que para la economía de la Unión supone un "número significativo de insolvencias y quiebras". Además, gracias a este mecanismo, se preservaría la continuidad económica durante el brote inicial de la pandemia y durante la recuperación posterior, que la Comisión prevé larga y dura.
Bruselas estudia sancionar a Alemania por la polémica sentencia de su Constitucional sobre el BCELa presidenta de la Comisión Europea, Ursula von der Leyen, defendió este sábado la primacía de los tribunales europeos sobre los nacionales en materia de derecho comunitario y amenazó con sancionar a Alemania por la sentencia de su Tribunal Constitucional sobre el programa de compra de bonos del Banco Central Europeo (BCE)."Me tomo este asunto muy en serio. La Comisión está ahora en el proceso de análisis detallado de las más de 100 páginas de la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional alemán. Sobre la base de esos hallazgos, consideraremos los siguientes pasos, incluyendo procedimientos de infracción", declaró Von der Leyen.Es la respuesta de la presidenta del Ejecutivo comunitario a la pregunta escrita de un europarlamentario alemán del Grupo de Los Verdes, Sven Giegold, quien en la simbólica fecha en la que se celebra el Día de Europa obtuvo una contestación de la presidenta en un tiempo récord de dos horas, cuando suelen tardar meses.(...)La sentencia del alto tribunal de la primera potencia económica de la Unión Europea (UE) ha caído como una bomba jurídica en Bruselas, centrada ahora en la preparación con los Estados miembros en la crisis sanitaria y económica generada por el coronavirus.Además de referirse a un acto de una institución comunitaria, contradice el fallo emitido por el propio Tribunal de Justicia de la UE en 2018, que consideró que el BCE actuó dentro de su mandato.De ahí que el propio TJUE publicara un comunicado este viernes recordando que es la única corte que puede determinar que un acto de otra institución europea, como el Banco Central Europeo (BCE), es contrario a la normativa comunitaria, una competencia que escapa a los tribunales nacionales.En su respuesta "express" al europarlamentario ecologista, Von der Leyen añadió la sentencia "plantea cuestiones que tocan el núcleo de la soberanía europea"."Cuestiones que son importantes para la política monetaria de la Unión, sino también para el Estado de derecho en la UE. Se lo puedo asegurar: la política monetaria de la Unión es un asunto de exclusiva competencia", agregó la presidenta de la Comisión Europea.Von der Leyen prosigue señalando que la normativa europea prevalece sobre la legislación nacional y subraya que "por supuesto" las sentencias del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE en Luxemburgo "siempre tienen la última palabra el derecho europeo"."La Unión Europea es una comunidad de valores y de leyes, que defenderemos en todo momento y en todas las direcciones. Eso es lo que nos mantiene unidos" finaliza la contestación de Von der Leyen, que había iniciado el sábado conmemorando en un vídeo difundido en redes sociales el Día de Europa."Celebramos 70 años de la solidaridad europea que ofreció una mano amiga para reconstruir y reunir un continente sobre las cenizas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y construir prosperidad. Se necesita la misma solidaridad para salvar vidas, medios de subsistencia y construir un futuro verde y digital. Larga vida a Europa", dice la presidenta del Ejecutivo comunitario en esa grabación.
Cita de: Meledo en Mayo 10, 2020, 19:47:18 pmCita de: Derby en Mayo 10, 2020, 18:44:20 pmhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecb-policy-germany-eu/eu-could-open-legal-case-again-germany-over-ecb-bond-purchases-ruling-commission-idUSKBN22M0KNCitarEU could open legal case again Germany over ECB bond-purchases ruling: CommissionThe European Commission could open a legal case against Germany over a ruling by the country’s constitutional court that the European Central Bank had overstepped its mandate with bond purchases, the EU executive arm said on Sunday.The German court in Karlsruhe last Tuesday gave the ECB three months to justify its flagship euro zone stimulus scheme or said the Bundesbank might have to quit it.In response, the European Union’s top court - which had previously gave its green light to the ECB scheme - and the European Commission have said that EU law holds precedence over national regulations. They added that the European Court of Justice’s rulings were binding for courts in the 27 member states of the bloc.On Sunday, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen went a step further, saying the EU executive might end up opening a legal case against Berlin.“The recent ruling of the German Constitutional Court put under the spotlight two issues of the European Union: the euro system and the European legal system,” she said in a statement.“We are now analysing the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in detail. And we will look into possible next steps, which may include the option of infringement proceedings,” she said.Infringements are legal cases the Commission can bring before the Luxembourg-based Court of Justice of the EU, if the Brussels-based executive deems a member state is violating EU law. The court can order a nation to make amends, or face hefty fines.¿Estan amenazando a Alemania con grandes multas por lo que dijo su Constitucional?Al final esto va a acabar mal. Yo no amenazaría al que tiene la pasta. No en serio por lo menos.Pero si empiezan con amenazas supongo que es porque la sentencia es muy importante. A seguir los acontecimientos.He pensado lo mismo. Porque Alemania tiene mucho que perder con todo esto, si no ya estaban tardando los teutones en dar un puñetazo en la mesa y mandarnos al carajo. Hay que tenerlos cuadrados (los coj.. y el cerebro) para amenazar a Alemania con no poner dinero encima de la mesa y dejar que países como España se vayan de rositas cuando saben perfectamente que el Gobierno quiere el dinero para mantener el status quo actual y no hacer ni una puñetera y necesaria reforma.Si al final BoJo era un clarividente joder.Señores, yo cada día entiendo menos. ¿Y si bebemos del pozo de una vez y nos volvemos normales?
He pensado lo mismo. Porque Alemania tiene mucho que perder con todo esto, si no ya estaban tardando los teutones en dar un puñetazo en la mesa y mandarnos al carajo. Hay que tenerlos cuadrados (los coj.. y el cerebro) para amenazar a Alemania con no poner dinero encima de la mesa y dejar que países como España se vayan de rositas cuando saben perfectamente que el Gobierno quiere el dinero para mantener el status quo actual y no hacer ni una puñetera y necesaria reforma.Si al final BoJo era un clarividente joder.Señores, yo cada día entiendo menos. ¿Y si bebemos del pozo de una vez y nos volvemos normales?
A mí todo éso me parece una malinterpretación: creo que se enjuicia al Tribunal Constitucional alemán (que no al estado alemán) por algo que veo que es delimitación de competencias y una cuestión prejudicial. Si no, que venga algún jurista y nos lo aclare, pero así lo veo yo.
Cita de: el malo en Mayo 10, 2020, 21:04:47 pm[...] He pensado lo mismo. Porque Alemania tiene mucho que perder con todo esto, si no ya estaban tardando los teutones en dar un puñetazo en la mesa y mandarnos al carajo. Alemania se está llevando el 'corte' de su vida. Ya era hora. ¿Quién coño se han creído que son? Si no te gusta la UE, te vas, no la cambias como te da la gana sin contar con nadie más.