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The Fed Now Owns Over $2 Trillion in Mortgages, What Else?Fed's Balance Sheet SummaryTotal Balance Sheet: $7.093 TrillionTreasuries Owned Outright: $4.431 TrillionMortgage Backed Securities Owned Outright: $2.025 TrillionTreasuries Plus Mortgages: $6.456 TrillionGold: $11 Billion
Desde Taiwan CitarXi’s carbon-neutral pledge doesn't stand up to scrutinyChina’s real approach to climate change is belied by its actions, particularly its massive investment in coal powerChinese dictator Xi Jinping (習近平) was given a platform at the UN General Assembly last week to whitewash his regime's culpability for the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, its genocide of Uighur Muslims, and its illegal annexation of Hong Kong.Xi didn’t disappoint, pledging that China would go carbon neutral by the year 2060, a claim so utterly ridiculous it would be laughable if so many Western leaders weren't lapping it up.“This is very, very big news,” fawned British environment minister Zac Goldsmith on Twitter.Except it isn’t big news at all. It is utterly meaningless, just like every other promise and policy pledge that comes from Xi Jinping and other Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials.China’s climate shameLet’s take a look at the facts. China is the single biggest polluter on the planet. According to Carbon Brief, a UK-based climate science website, it was “responsible for effectively all the increase in global CO2 emissions in 2019.”Over the last three years, the CCP has dramatically reduced its spending on clean energy projects. Between 2017 and 2018, the amount spent on such projects dropped from US$122 billion to $86 billion, a decline of a third.At the same time, it has been ramping up spending on coal power, the dirtiest form of energy production there is.According to the Global Energy Monitor, China expanded its coal-fired capacity by nearly 43 gigawatts between January 2018 and June 2019. By way of comparison, the rest of the world saw an 8 GW decline.China currently has another 150 GW of coal power capacity in development — the equivalent of adding the coal output of the entire European Union to its current enormous figures.In March, the CCP launched an economic stimulus package worth an estimated US$7 trillion in an attempt to prop up its ailing economy. Needless to say, this involved more money being ploughed into — you guessed it — coal power!Coal-fired power plants have an average life-span of more than 60 years; in China, they are often kept going far longer than that. The question is, why would the CCP be spending billions of dollars on coal power if it were serious about going carbon neutral in just 40 years’ time.The political prism of the claimAs with everything the CCP says, the carbon neutral claim has to be looked at in the political context of the day. We have to ask: what is in it for Xi?As Li Shuo, an expert on Chinese climate policy from Greenpeace Asia, told the BBC, Xi has a long track record of “leveraging the climate agenda for geopolitical purposes.”It was Xi who reached an agreement on climate change with former U.S. President Barack Obama in one of the foundation stones of the Paris Agreement. With President Trump having controversially withdrawn the U.S. from this agreement, Xi’s announcement in the General Assembly makes communist China look progressive by comparison.It also builds bridges with the EU, which has previously called for Xi to make exactly this type of promise.The problem is that in the West, governments that make pledges such as this are then accountable by their voters if they fail to deliver. Xi has no such inconvenience, and there will be zero consequences domestically or internationally if China fails to hit this target.This is why Xi doesn’t have to think twice about making such an ambitious assurance.But when the actions of the Chinese regime and its rhetoric differ so dramatically, the question we should be asking is why Western politicians like Goldsmith give it the public praise it is so clearly looking for?The answer is probably that Xi is saying what most people want to hear, and we are desperate to believe him on this.But like the CCP’s economic data, its protestations of innocence over its myriad human rights atrocities, and its desperate denials of responsibility for the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, the truth is that you cannot believe a single word this totalitarian regime says.You would think that after being burned so many times, and with the CCP’s pandemic still raging across the globe, we would have learned this lesson by now!
Xi’s carbon-neutral pledge doesn't stand up to scrutinyChina’s real approach to climate change is belied by its actions, particularly its massive investment in coal powerChinese dictator Xi Jinping (習近平) was given a platform at the UN General Assembly last week to whitewash his regime's culpability for the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, its genocide of Uighur Muslims, and its illegal annexation of Hong Kong.Xi didn’t disappoint, pledging that China would go carbon neutral by the year 2060, a claim so utterly ridiculous it would be laughable if so many Western leaders weren't lapping it up.“This is very, very big news,” fawned British environment minister Zac Goldsmith on Twitter.Except it isn’t big news at all. It is utterly meaningless, just like every other promise and policy pledge that comes from Xi Jinping and other Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials.China’s climate shameLet’s take a look at the facts. China is the single biggest polluter on the planet. According to Carbon Brief, a UK-based climate science website, it was “responsible for effectively all the increase in global CO2 emissions in 2019.”Over the last three years, the CCP has dramatically reduced its spending on clean energy projects. Between 2017 and 2018, the amount spent on such projects dropped from US$122 billion to $86 billion, a decline of a third.At the same time, it has been ramping up spending on coal power, the dirtiest form of energy production there is.According to the Global Energy Monitor, China expanded its coal-fired capacity by nearly 43 gigawatts between January 2018 and June 2019. By way of comparison, the rest of the world saw an 8 GW decline.China currently has another 150 GW of coal power capacity in development — the equivalent of adding the coal output of the entire European Union to its current enormous figures.In March, the CCP launched an economic stimulus package worth an estimated US$7 trillion in an attempt to prop up its ailing economy. Needless to say, this involved more money being ploughed into — you guessed it — coal power!Coal-fired power plants have an average life-span of more than 60 years; in China, they are often kept going far longer than that. The question is, why would the CCP be spending billions of dollars on coal power if it were serious about going carbon neutral in just 40 years’ time.The political prism of the claimAs with everything the CCP says, the carbon neutral claim has to be looked at in the political context of the day. We have to ask: what is in it for Xi?As Li Shuo, an expert on Chinese climate policy from Greenpeace Asia, told the BBC, Xi has a long track record of “leveraging the climate agenda for geopolitical purposes.”It was Xi who reached an agreement on climate change with former U.S. President Barack Obama in one of the foundation stones of the Paris Agreement. With President Trump having controversially withdrawn the U.S. from this agreement, Xi’s announcement in the General Assembly makes communist China look progressive by comparison.It also builds bridges with the EU, which has previously called for Xi to make exactly this type of promise.The problem is that in the West, governments that make pledges such as this are then accountable by their voters if they fail to deliver. Xi has no such inconvenience, and there will be zero consequences domestically or internationally if China fails to hit this target.This is why Xi doesn’t have to think twice about making such an ambitious assurance.But when the actions of the Chinese regime and its rhetoric differ so dramatically, the question we should be asking is why Western politicians like Goldsmith give it the public praise it is so clearly looking for?The answer is probably that Xi is saying what most people want to hear, and we are desperate to believe him on this.But like the CCP’s economic data, its protestations of innocence over its myriad human rights atrocities, and its desperate denials of responsibility for the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, the truth is that you cannot believe a single word this totalitarian regime says.You would think that after being burned so many times, and with the CCP’s pandemic still raging across the globe, we would have learned this lesson by now!
Gracias por darme el pie:https://quillette.com/2020/08/31/the-crimes-of-the-red-emperor/The Crimes of the Red EmperorGrandísimo artículo de Quillette.
El Banco de España insta a una política económica con medidas de apoyo selectivas para apuntalar la recuperaciónEl PIB español aún caerá un 10,5% en lo que queda del año, en el mejor escenarioEl gobernador del Banco de España, Pablo Hernández de Cos, ha recordado hoy que la recuperación de la economía española es todavía "parcial", "heterogénea", "frágil e incierta" y depende de que se mantengan "las medidas de política económica aprobadas a raíz de la crisis". Para el gobernador, la política económica debe apoyar la recuperación, lo que exigirá mantener de manera selectiva y focalizada algunas de las medidas de apoyo, como los expedientes de regulación de empleo o las relativas a la financiación de las empresas."Su retirada prematura (de las medidas de apoyo) tendría unos perjuicios que exceden los posibles costes de mantenerlas hasta que la recuperación dé muestras de suficiente solidez", sentencia el gobernador en un artículo publicado en el diario La Razón.El Banco de España prevé, en el escenario más benigno de los que se ha planteado, que el PIB español caerá un 10,5 % en 2020 y crecerá un 7,3 % en 2021, y en el segundo escenario contempla una caída del 12,6 % este año y un repunte del 4,1 % el próximo año.Los efectos de esta crisis serán "muy persistentes", pues los cálculos anteriores indican que a finales de 2022 el PIB estaría aún entre 2 y 6 puntos porcentuales por debajo del nivel previo a la crisis.Contra las empresas 'zombi'Por otro lado, se deben facilitar los ajustes estructurales derivados de la crisis y evitar que los recursos se queden "anclados en empresas sin perspectivas de ser viables" -lo que se conoce como empresas 'zombi'-, por lo que habría que "revisar los procesos de reestructuración e insolvencia empresarial" y hacerlos más ágiles, para que permitan que las empresas continúen con su actividad cuando aún son viables.En el ámbito de las finanzas públicas, De Cos recuerda que es necesario aceptar que la "necesaria expansión fiscal a corto plazo" debe venir acompañada del diseño de un plan de saneamiento de las cuentas públicas, para implementarlo cuando se consolide la recuperación.Y en cuanto a los fondos europeos que España recibirá, previsiblemente, en 2021, De Cos aboga por convertirlos "en un impulso fiscal que en colaboración con el sector privado acompañe y oriente el esfuerzo de recuperación". Campos como la innovación, la educación y la formación continua, así como todos aquellos proyectos que contribuyan a la transición hacia una economía más sostenible, deben ser prioritarios.
Caducan las moratorias en hipotecas y pago de alquileresLas medidas del escudo social aprobado por el Gobierno vencen el 30 de septiembre, sin que se haya aprobado ninguna alternativaLas medidas que el Gobierno de España puso en marcha para proteger a los ciudadanos del impacto económico de la pandemia están a punto de agotarse. El escudo social que permitía la moratoria de las hipotecas o de los alquileres debido a la situación del coronavirus vence este miércoles.El Gobierno de Pedro Sánchez todavía no ha dado ninguna señal de querer prorrogar alguna de las medidas excepcionales que aprobaron durante el estado de alarma. Si nada cambia, los ciudadanos tienen de límite hasta el 30 de septiembre para solicitar el retraso de los pagos de sus créditos hipotecarios o de las mensualidades del alquiler. El Ejecutivo puso en marcha el “escudo social” en el mes de marzo para aliviar las cargas que suponen las hipotecas y los alquileres en las familias más vulnerables, así como prohibir los cortes de suministro eléctrico en los hogares afectados por la crisis del coronavirus. La medida se prolongó en julio pero definitivamente ha llegado a su fin.Tanto las moratorias de las hipotecas como las de los créditos al consumo se pueden solicitar hasta el próximo miércoles, con una duración máxima de tres meses. Lo que concede a los ciudadanos un periodo extra, ante la falta de alternativas del Gobierno. Lo mismo ocurre con los aplazamientos del pago de los alquileres de la vivienda en aquellos hogares que pudieran justificar la situación de vulnerabilidad económica en la que se encuentran por el coronavirus.El Gobierno no ofrece una alternativa a los desahuciosCon el fin del escudo social, también llegará la cancelación de la normativa que impide los desahucios sin alterativa habitacional. Una medida que impedía a una persona abandonar su hogar si se había quedado sin recursos como consecuencia de la crisis sanitaria y económica del coronavirus.Tampoco estarán ya los ciudadanos cubiertos ante un posible corte de suministro del agua, de la energía o del gas en su domicilio. El real decreto ley impedía a las compañías dejar de facilitar sus productos en las primeras residencias, cuando sus habitantes se encontraban en dificultades económicas.Si el aviso de impago se ha producido antes del 30 de septiembre, los plazos que han de transcurrir para que las empresas puedan cortar el suministro empezarán a contar a partir del 1 de octubre. Lo que ofrece a las familias vulnerables un pequeño margen.De la misma manera, quedará suspendida la prórroga automática del bono social eléctrico. Se trata de una medida de dos años de vigencia que ofrece un descuento directo en la factura a los consumidores con peor situación económica.Los sindicatos piden una prórroga del escudo socialSindicatos como la Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) ya han solicitado al Gobierno que ponga en marcha un plan para prorrogar todas estas medidas excepcionales y no dejar en la calle a las personas más afectadas por la crisis del coronavirus. Fuentes de la organización han insistido en que el problema “aún persiste”, según ha publicado Europa Press.UGT estima que el bono social ha ido ganando adeptos durante la pandemia, llegando a alcanzar en el mes de abril más de 1,2 millones de hogares de toda España en el momento más duro del confinamiento.
Cita de: Lurker en Septiembre 27, 2020, 20:56:26 pmGracias por darme el pie:https://quillette.com/2020/08/31/the-crimes-of-the-red-emperor/The Crimes of the Red EmperorGrandísimo artículo de Quillette.El artículo de Quillette sobre las persecuciones en China menciona muy brevemente un tema, que hace tiempo me llamó la atención, y quería exponer aquí: el Falung Gong.Gracias por traer el artículo ya que me da la ocasión para hacerlo.------------------------------------Falun Gong (literalmente, 'Práctica de la Rueda de la Ley') o Falun Dafa, es una práctica espiritual religiosa china que combina meditación y ejercicios de qigong con una enseñanza moral centrada en los principios de verdad, benevolencia y tolerancia La práctica enfatiza la moralidad y el cultivo de la virtud, y se identifica como una práctica de qigong de la escuela budista, aunque sus enseñanzas también incorporan elementos extraídos de las tradiciones taoístas. A través de la rectitud moral y la práctica de la meditación, los practicantes de Falun Gong aspiran a eliminar los apegos y, en última instancia, lograr la iluminación espiritual.Falun Gong se originó en el noreste de China y fue enseñado públicamente por primera vez por Li Hongzhi en 1992. Surgió hacia el final del «boom del qigong» en China, un período en el que proliferaron prácticas de meditación, ejercicios energéticos de movimiento lento y respiración regulada. Se diferencia de otras escuelas de qigong en su ausencia de cuotas o membresía, en su mayor énfasis en la moralidad y en la naturaleza teológica de sus enseñanzas. Los académicos occidentales han descrito a Falun Gong como una disciplina de qigong, un «movimiento espiritual», un «sistema de cultivación» en la tradición de la antigua China o como una forma de religión china.Aunque la práctica gozó inicialmente de apoyo considerable por parte del gobierno chino, a mediados de la década de 1990, el Partido Comunista Chino y organizaciones de seguridad pública comenzaron a ver a Falun Gong como una amenaza potencial debido a su tamaño, independencia del Estado, y enseñanzas espirituales. En el año 1999, el gobierno estimaba que había setenta millones de personas practicando Falun Gong. Las tensiones culminaron en abril de 1999, cuando más de diez mil practicantes de Falun Gong se reunieron pacíficamente cerca del edificio central del gobierno en Pekín para pedir reconocimiento legal y libertad de interferencia del estado. Esta manifestación es vista ampliamente como un catalizador para la persecución subsiguiente.El 20 de julio de 1999, los líderes del Partido Comunista iniciaron una campaña en contra de la práctica la cual incluía propaganda dedicada a erradicarla. El gobierno bloqueó el acceso en internet a páginas web que mencionan a Falun Gong, y en octubre de 1999 lo declaró una «organización herética» que amenazaba la estabilidad social. Las organizaciones de derechos humanos reportan que los practicantes de Falun Gong en China sufren una variedad de abusos de sus derechos humanos: se estima que cientos de miles han sido puestos en prisión de manera extrajudicial, y otros practicantes detenidos son obligados a realizar trabajo forzado, sufren abusos psiquiátricos, tortura, y otros métodos de coerción para reformar sus pensamientos a mano de las autoridades chinas. En el año 2009, al menos dos mil practicantes de Falun Gong murieron a causa de abusos mientras se encontraban bajo custodia. Algunos observadores calculan que la cifra es mucho más elevada, y reportan que decenas de miles pueden haber sido asesinados para suplir la industria de trasplante de órganos en China. En los años desde que se inició la persecución, los practicantes de Falun Gong han participado activamente en abogar por el respeto a los derechos humanos en China.El fundador de Falun Gong Li Hongzhi ha vivido en los Estados Unidos desde el año 1996, y Falun Gong tiene un gran número de seguidores a nivel mundial. Dentro de China, algunas fuentes estiman que decenas de millones de personas continúan practicando a pesar de la persecución. Se estima que cientos de miles de personas practican Falun Gong fuera de China en más de setenta países a nivel mundial.------------------------------------Más info:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_GongSaludos
Cooperation Key To Prevent Global Recession(...) The supportive government policies-including the large-scale tax and fee cuts as well as reduction in electricity, land and rental costs-have also effectively reduced the companies’ overall operational costs, the NBS said.Via China Daily
Is the UK’s booming housing market heading for a bust?Some experts predict that a sharp downturn in the property market is on the wayIn April, with the UK in coronavirus lockdown and the property market frozen, estate agent Savills predicted that house prices would fall by 5 to 10 per cent in the short term.The consensus among experts at the time was that the number of house sales would collapse.And yet, just a few months later, the housing market is booming. House prices in the UK hit a record high last month, according to the building society Nationwide. A total of 84,910 transactions was registered in August, compared to 82,830 in February, the month before lockdown, data from HM Revenue & Customs showed.The market has been underpinned by ultra-low interest rates. The Bank of England cut its base rate to a record low of 0.1 per cent at the start of the Covid-19 crisis in March.But is the housing market boom likely to last? Two factors behind it are temporary in nature: the release of pent-up demand after lockdown restrictions on the sector were eased in May, and the government’s move in July to introduce a stamp duty holiday, with home buyers paying no tax on the first £500,000 of any transaction in England and Northern Ireland.Buyers, particularly the wealthy, have returned faster than expected to the market, but some experts think the boom is set to peter out.The Centre for Economics and Business Research, a consultancy, predicts a 14 per cent fall in average house prices next year, saying the market is being artificially buoyed by the stamp duty holiday.“Throughout August, the UK housing market defied gravity yet again, with unofficial measures putting average prices at record highs,” said the CEBR. “This is at odds with the wider economic turmoil.”The outlook is deteriorating again. After what is expected to be a strong recovery in growth in the third quarter following the recession in the first half of the year, gross domestic product in the final three months of 2020 looks set to be hit by the resurgence of coronavirus and new social restrictions.Chancellor Rishi Sunak put the UK on notice of rising unemployment on Thursday after he confirmed plans to end the government’s furlough scheme. His new job support scheme is not set to provide cover for all of the estimated 3m workers still in the furlough programme, which expires on October 31.The government’s mortgage payment holiday for homeowners struggling to keep up with their bills also ends on October 31. This could give lenders the opportunity to repossess homes, although many are expected to be lenient.Finally, the UK and EU are striving to seal a trade deal ahead of the expiry of the Brexit transition period on December 31, but several big issues are unresolved. Without an agreement, the economy would be hit again.“We’re going to see the bad news ramping up,” said Neil Hudson, analyst at BuiltPlace, a consultancy. “Redundancies among friends and families — when those things become real for people we’ll see the knock-on impact [on their willingness to buy properties]. Then factor Brexit on top. Is that going to start creeping back into people’s thinking?”But it is in the spring of next year, rather than this winter, when several experts fear the housing market could experience a sharp downturn.In March, the Help to Buy equity loan scheme, the government’s measure to support the housing market in England, will be overhauled. It will be restricted to first-time buyers, and the value of homes bought under the scheme will be capped at different prices across the regions.The stamp duty holiday also ends in March. The last time such a holiday was introduced, in 2008, it prompted a spike in housing transactions which rapidly fell away when the tax break ended.The government might look at extending the current holiday, but it is far from clear whether doing so would bump up sales again. Such tax breaks are usually regarded as accelerating house purchases by people already interested in acquiring a property, rather than tempting new buyers into the market, meaning the effect fades over time.Lenders have also become more conservative, pulling some of their highest loan-to-value mortgages, and this has cut a swath of would-be purchasers out of the market. First-time buyers have accounted for a growing number of sales over the past decade, but stricter lending criteria are likely to hurt them most.Lucian Cook, head of residential research at Savills, predicted that house prices will plateau rather than fall in 2021, so long as those who lose their jobs can find a way back into employment.“We see flat house prices next year, some upwards pressure in the first quarter of the year which will then come off in the second half,” he said. “What matters most is how quickly that spike in unemployment will fall away.”Other experts are less sanguine. Mr Hudson said there was little risk of the kind of housing crash that followed the 2008 financial crisis, when prices fell 20 per cent in a little over a year, because buyers and lenders have recently exercised more caution than they did in 2006 and 2007.But he added that transactions were almost certain to fall next year, and prices could well follow. “There’s still a chance things peter out without a bang — but a bang looks pretty bloody likely at the moment,” said Mr Hudson.
Property Developer China Evergrande Erases Market LossesInvestors also scoop up bonds after company says operations are ‘stable and healthy’Shares of China Evergrande Group jumped 21% Monday, and some of the company’s bonds rose in value after the giant property developer sought to assuage investor concerns about its liquidity following a steep selloff.Evergrande’s Hong Kong-listed shares recouped all their losses from late last week, and some investors took advantage of its distressed U.S.-dollar-bond prices to scoop up the junk-rated debt. A Hong Kong-based investment company controlled by several tycoons said early Monday that it had spent $8.6 million...
China Evergrande Shares Jump on Debt Reduction ProgressChina Evergrande Group <3333.HK> said its debt-cutting measures were working and the Hong Kong bourse had approved its spinoff plan, sending the property developer's shares up as much as 14% after a selloff last week.Investors dumped China Evergrande's shares and bonds on Friday after a leaked document - later dismissed by the company as a fabrication - suggested the nation's second-biggest property developer by sales had sought government help to avert a cash crunch.The company said total indebtedness had fallen by 53.4 billion yuan ($7.8 billion) over the six months to Sept. 24 when the document appeared online, while financing costs had dropped 2.24% and it had prepaid 43.5 billion yuan of loans due after Sept. 25.China Evergrande's borrowings totalled 835.5 billion yuan at June-end, of which onshore trust loans and bank lending made up 41% and 29% respectively."In the 24 years since the establishment of the company, the company has borrowed loans across 20,523 transactions. There has never been any late payment of interest nor overdue repayment of principal," Chairman Hui Ka Yan said in a statement.The developer is under pressure to slash debt as China's government tackles what it considers excessive borrowing in the real estate development sector with new debt ratio caps.As of last close, the Hong Kong-listed stock had fallen 36.2% this year on concern over competition as the novel coronavirus keeps offices shut and buyers at home.The company said aggregated contracted sales amounted to 504.9 billion yuan as of Sept. 24, up 11.4% from the same period a year ago, and cash on hand was 204.6 billion yuan as at June 30.It said it aimed to achieve 200 billion yuan contracted sales in September and October through nationwide sales promotions launched earlier in September.China Evergrande also said the Hong Kong stock exchange had approved its plan to spin off its property management business, providing the firm a channel to raise funds. The proposed float is expected to raise about $2 billion, according to Reuters' publication IFR.
La pregunta es si cosas así se pueden parir al estilo europeo de hacer las cosas, millones a chorro, presupuestos y ejecuciones interminables, legislación y pseudofuncionariado a paladas. No podemos esperar veinte años para sacar un mojón que nadie use porque estaba anquilosado desde el primer día.
¿Como cuadra esta gráfica con nuestra versión española de eventos: Burbuja-Pinchazo-Reburbuja-Repinchazo ?¿Es posible que en UK tengan otros eventos? ¿.. o son los mismos que aquí?.. Si son los mismos.. ¿por qué tienen formas diferentes?:- A diferencia de Éspaña, el precio actual está incluso un 20% por encima que en el máximo 2006- Nuestro precio actual aunque se haya reinflado, está por debajo del pico de 2006- No se observa ningun punto de inflexión (repinchazo-2018)
Cita de: Marv en Septiembre 28, 2020, 14:46:55 pmLa pregunta es si cosas así se pueden parir al estilo europeo de hacer las cosas, millones a chorro, presupuestos y ejecuciones interminables, legislación y pseudofuncionariado a paladas. No podemos esperar veinte años para sacar un mojón que nadie use porque estaba anquilosado desde el primer día. Lo poco que ha surgido de iniciativa privada, los grandes lo acaban comprando al alcanzar cierto peso:Skype (Letonia) absorbida por MicrosoftARM (UK) absorbida por NvidiaNokia (Finlandia) "forzada" a colaborar con Microsoft Alcatel (Francia) absorbida por TCL (China)Lo que pudiera salir de iniciativa pública europea.... apostaría poco a que pudiera competir a nivel globlal ... ya es en sectores donde estás obligado a desarrollar tu propia industria como con el Eurofighter.. y tampoco queda claro que haya sido muy rentable.