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Statement | 21 August 2025 | Brussels | Directorate-General for Trade and Economic Security | 8 min readJoint Statement on a United States-European Union framework on an agreement on reciprocal, fair and balanced tradeThe United States and the European Union are pleased to announce that they have agreed on a Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade ('Framework Agreement'). This Framework Agreement represents a concrete demonstration of our commitment to fair, balanced, and mutually beneficial trade and investment. This Framework Agreement will put our trade and investment relationship – one of the largest in the world – on a solid footing and will reinvigorate our economies’ reindustrialisation. It reflects acknowledgement by the European Union of the concerns of the United States and our joint determination to resolve our trade imbalances and unleash the full potential of our combined economic power. The United States and the European Union intend this Framework Agreement to be a first step in a process that can be further expanded over time to cover additional areas and continue to improve market access and increase their trade and investment relationship.The key terms include:The European Union intends to eliminate tariffs on all US industrial goods and to provide preferential market access for a wide range of US seafood and agricultural goods, including tree nuts, dairy products, fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, processed foods, planting seeds, soybean oil, and pork and bison meat. The European Union will immediately take the necessary steps to extend the Joint Statement of the United States and the European Union on a Tariff Agreement announced on 21 August 2020, with respect to lobster (that expired 31 July 2025), coupled with an expanded product scope to include processed lobster.The United States commits to apply the higher of either the US Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariff rate or a tariff rate of 15%, comprised of the MFN tariff and a reciprocal tariff, on originating goods of the European Union. Additionally, effective as of 1 September 2025, the United States commits to apply only the MFN tariff to the following products of the European Union: unavailable natural resources (including cork), all aircraft and aircraft parts, generic pharmaceuticals and their ingredients and chemical precursors. The United States and the European Union agree to consider other sectors and products that are important for their economies and value chains for inclusion in the list of products for which only the MFN tariffs would apply.The United States intends to promptly ensure that the tariff rate, comprised of the MFN tariff and the tariff imposed pursuant to Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, applied to originating goods of the European Union subject to Section 232 actions on pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and lumber does not exceed 15%. When the European Union formally introduces the necessary legislative proposal to enact the tariff reductions set forth in Section 1 of this Framework Agreement, the United States will reduce tariffs on automobiles and automobile parts originating from the European Union subject to Section 232 tariffs as follows: No Section 232 automobile or automobile parts tariffs will apply to covered European Union goods with an MFN tariff of 15% or higher; and for covered goods with an MFN rate lower than 15%, a combined rate of 15%, comprised of the MFN tariff and Section 232 automobile tariffs, will be applied. These tariff reductions are expected to be effective from the first day of the same month in which the European Union’s legislative proposal is introduced. The United States expects the European Union’s legislative proposals will be consistent with this Framework Agreement and enacted by the necessary legislatures. All modifications to US Section 232 tariffs will be executed in a manner that reinforces and is consistent with US national security interests. With respect to steel, aluminium, and their derivative products, the European Union and the United States intend to consider the possibility to cooperate on ring-fencing their respective domestic markets from overcapacity, while ensuring secure supply chains between each other, including through tariff-rate quota solutions.The United States and the European Union will negotiate rules of origin that ensure that the benefits of the Agreement on Reciprocal Trade accrue predominately to the United States and the European Union.The United States and the European Union commit to cooperate on ensuring secure, reliable, and diversified energy supplies, including by addressing non-tariff barriers that might restrict bilateral energy trade. As part of this effort, the European Union intends to procure US liquified natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy products with an expected offtake valued at $750 billion through 2028. In addition, the European Union intends to purchase at least $40 billion worth of US AI chips for its computing centres. The European Union further plans to work with the United States to adopt and maintain technology security requirements in line with those of the United States. in a concerted effort to avoid technology leakage to destinations of concern. The United States will endeavour to facilitate such exports once such requirements are in place.The United States and the European Union share one of the world’s largest economic relationships, supported by mutual investment stocks exceeding $5 trillion, and intend to promote and facilitate mutual investments on both sides of the Atlantic. In this context, European companies are expected to invest an additional $600 billion across strategic sectors in the United States through 2028. This investment reflects the European Union’s strong commitment to the transatlantic partnership and its recognition of the United States as the most secure and innovative destination for foreign investment.The European Union plans to substantially increase procurement of military and defence equipment from the United States, with the support and facilitation of the US government. This commitment reflects a shared strategic priority to deepen transatlantic defence industrial cooperation, strengthen NATO interoperability, and ensure that European allies are equipped with the most advanced and reliable defence technologies available.The United States and the European Union commit to work together to reduce or eliminate non-tariff barriers. With respect to automobiles, the United States and the European Union intend to accept and provide mutual recognition to each other’s standards. Cooperation on standards plays a crucial role in enhancing the transatlantic marketplace. The European Union and United States commit to enhance opportunities for technical cooperation between EU- and US-domiciled standards development organisations with the objective of identifying and developing standards for the transatlantic marketplace in key sectors of mutual interest. The United States and the European Union commit to facilitate conformity assessments to cover additional industrial sectors.Recognising the importance of continued engagement to resolve longstanding concerns, the European Union and the United States commit to work together to address non-tariff barriers affecting trade in food and agricultural products, including streamlining requirements for sanitary certificates for pork and dairy products.Recognising that production of the relevant commodities within the territory of the United States poses negligible risk to global deforestation, the European Union commits to work to address the concerns of US producers and exporters regarding the EU Deforestation Regulation, with a view to avoiding undue impact on US-EU trade.Taking note of the US concerns related to treatment of US small and medium-sized businesses under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), the European Commission, in addition to the recently agreed increase of the de minimis exception, commits to work to provide additional flexibilities in the CBAM implementation.The European Union commits to undertake efforts to ensure that the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) do not pose undue restrictions on transatlantic trade. In the context of CSDDD, this includes undertaking efforts to reduce administrative burden on businesses, including small- and medium-sized enterprises, and to propose changes to the requirement for a harmonised civil liability regime for due diligence failures and to climate-transition-related obligations. The European Union commits to work to address US concerns regarding the imposition of CSDDD requirements on companies of non-EU countries with relevant high-quality regulations.The European Union reaffirms that US conformity assessment bodies can be designated as Notified Bodies in accordance with the Sectoral Annex for Telecommunications Equipment to the Agreement on Mutual Recognition Between the European Community and the United States (1998) to carry out the tasks in relation to all essential requirements, including cybersecurity, in the Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU. In addition, the United States and the European Union will commit to negotiate a mutual recognition agreement on cybersecurity.The European Union and the United States commit to strengthen cooperation and action related to the imposition of export restrictions on critical mineral and other similar resources by third countries.The United States and the European Union commit to discuss high-standard commitments related to intellectual property rights protection and enforcement.The European Union and the United States commit to work together to ensure strong protection of internationally recognised labour rights, including with regard to the elimination of forced labour in supply chains.The United States and the European Union commit to address unjustified digital trade barriers. In that respect, the European Union confirms that it will not adopt or maintain network usage fees. The United States and the European Union will not impose customs duties on electronic transmissions. The United States and the European Union intend to continue to support the multilateral moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions at the World Trade Organization and seek the adoption of a permanent multilateral commitment.The European Union intends to consult with the United States and US traders on digitalisation of trade procedures and implementation of the legislation currently proposed on EU Customs Reform.The United States and the European Union agree to strengthen economic security alignment to enhance supply chain resilience and innovation by taking complementary actions to address non-market policies of third parties as well as cooperating on inbound and outbound investment reviews and export controls, as well as duty evasion. This includes addressing non-market practices, unfair competition, and lack of reciprocity in public procurement with respect to third countries. The United States and the European Union will cooperate on further implementation measures.The United States and the European Union, in line with their relevant internal procedures, will promptly document the Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade to implement this Framework Agreement.DetailsPublication date21 August 2025AuthorDirectorate-General for Trade and Economic SecurityLocationBrusselsCountry or regionUnited StatesTrade topicsNegotiations and agreements
This investment reflects the European Union’s strong commitment to the transatlantic partnership and its recognition of the United States as the most secure and innovative destination for foreign investment.
When the Dollar FallsBy driving up the federal debt, undermining central-bank independence, and imposing sweeping tariffs on key allies, US President Donald Trump is striking at the heart of America’s financial power. If the dollar were to lose its reserve-currency status, the resulting realignment would be neither gradual nor orderly.LONDON – For decades, the dollar’s position as the world’s leading reserve currency has provided the United States with extraordinary advantages: the ability to borrow at low interest rates, run large current-account deficits, and finance budget shortfalls by printing money without necessarily triggering inflation. But since the start of President Donald Trump’s second term, warnings about the “end of America’s exorbitant privilege” have grown into a steady drumbeat. The concerns are well-founded. Trump’s policies – from his attacks on the US Federal Reserve to his hands-off regulatory stance toward cryptocurrencies – are systematically undermining the dollar’s reserve-currency status. Losing the dollar’s primacy would invariably jeopardize the long-term health of the US economy.But focusing solely on America’s fading privilege is like noticing a few trees ablaze while missing the wildfire igniting behind them. The loss of the dollar’s reserve-currency status would reverberate far beyond America’s borders, sending shockwaves throughout the global economy. Financial markets, always on the lookout for potential risks, need only a critical mass of participants to believe that the threat is real for it to become so. Once enough investors begin selling a vulnerable asset, more follow.Crucially, America’s “exorbitant privilege” is not a tribute owed to it for being the world’s leading superpower. It is simply a byproduct of how a reserve currency works. Like individuals, countries need a reliable store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. As foreign economies grow, so does their appetite for dollar-denominated assets such as US Treasuries and corporate bonds. This demand enables the US to run persistent current-account and trade deficits.Moreover, US government deficits are largely financed through the sale of Treasuries, prized worldwide as a safe-haven asset. Because much of that liquidity is absorbed by foreign holders, the Fed can purchase these Treasuries with newly created dollars without boosting inflation. Strong international demand for US debt also holds down domestic interest rates, as investors are willing to accept low yields in exchange for the safety of dollar-denominated securities.The Coming Reserve-Currency RealignmentTo serve as a global reserve asset, a currency must be safe, liquid, stable, and widely accepted. This depends on seven key conditions. First, the issuing country must maintain macroeconomic stability: low inflation, sustainable public debt, and sound fiscal and monetary policies that assure investors and central banks that the currency will retain its value over time.Second, the issuing country must have deep and liquid financial markets, offering safe, highly tradable assets – particularly sovereign bonds – capable of absorbing large cross-border flows. Government debt can be an asset only when investors believe the debt will be managed responsibly and repaid. Third, a politically independent central bank committed to price stability is essential to a currency’s credibility, particularly when monetary policies are transparent and anchored in rules.Fourth, reserve currencies must be freely tradable and exchangeable across borders with minimal restrictions.Fifth, the judicial system must uphold the rule of law. In particular, it must protect property rights, ensure that foreign investors can enforce contracts, and provide avenues for recourse to resolve disputes.Sixth, a reserve currency must be seen as a global public good rather than a tool for promoting national self-interest – a perception that hinges on constructive global leadership and active multilateral engagement. And lastly, the currency’s issuer must be a trade and finance powerhouse, because established network effects are necessary to encourage widespread use. Trump’s policies have weakened each of these pillars of American economic dominance. The massive tax cuts at the heart of his grossly mislabeled “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” unaccompanied by any real spending restraint, are projected to add trillions of dollars to the national debt, jeopardizing macroeconomic stability. Although demand for US Treasuries remains strong, mounting debt and the risk of default – exacerbated by Trump’s use of the debt ceiling as political leverage – have eroded investor confidence.At the same time, the Fed’s independence has come under strain as Trump publicly pressured policymakers to slash interest rates and suggested replacing Chair Jerome Powell and other officials with political loyalists. Although capital controls were not imposed, the administration’s threats to block Chinese stock listings and exclude adversaries from SWIFT have fueled uncertainty over future access.Trump’s use of executive authority to sanction foreign firms, freeze the central-bank assets of countries like Venezuela, demand a 15% cut of the revenues from sales of advanced microchips to China, and impose high import tariffs on longstanding allies has cast further doubt on US policy credibility. As a result, allies are exploring euro- or renminbi-based alternatives, and some central banks have begun diversifying away from dollar holdings toward gold and other assets, accelerating the dollar’s decline.If doubts about the dollar’s long-term reliability are allowed to take hold, the reserve-currency realignment will be neither gradual nor orderly. The more probable outcome is financial panic, since expectations of currency shifts tend to be self-fulfilling. If investors expect the dollar to fall, they will sell dollar assets to avoid losses. This, in turn, will drive the dollar down, validating the initial fear.The faster the dollar falls, the more urgently others will seek to exit their positions. Major central banks and pension funds could rapidly shift reserves into gold, euros, or renminbi, pushing up Treasury yields as buyers demand higher returns to offset increased risk. A falling greenback could also trigger margin calls on leveraged dollar trades, forcing funds and banks with significant exposure to liquidate other assets, spreading instability across global markets.There Is No AlternativeIf Trump continues to impose aggressive tariffs and seize foreign-held assets, rivals like the ten-member BRICS+ group of major emerging economies may openly abandon the dollar. This could set off massive foreign-exchange-reserve shifts and a global scramble for non-dollar safe havens.Yet the alternative safe-haven bond markets – primarily Germany, Switzerland, and Japan – are far too small to absorb the enormous capital currently concentrated in dollar assets, particularly US Treasuries, which total $28 trillion, with about $8.5 trillion held by foreigners. The UK gilt market is similarly undersized.In Europe, the absence of a fiscal union and a safe-asset equivalent to US Treasuries not only constrains the supply of Eurobonds but also undercuts eurozone cohesion. Meanwhile, China’s sovereign-bond market remains limited as a reserve haven because of capital controls, lack of full currency convertibility, political opacity, and weak legal protections.To be sure, sovereign and quasi-sovereign bonds – issued by institutions like the European Investment Bank, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and Germany’s KfW – could gain some reserve status thanks to their reliability and multilateral backing. But that is more a long-term prospect than an immediate solution.Large corporations with strong balance sheets, such as Apple or Microsoft, may serve as quasi-sovereign alternatives. But private credit carries substantial risk – especially in times of global financial stress – and cannot be a substitute for sovereign liquidity. Bitcoin and “digital gold” are viewed by some as hedges against fiat-currency risk, but their high volatility, along with regulatory uncertainty and scalability issues, prevent them from absorbing significant reserve flows.Other options are equally limited. Central banks – particularly those of China, Russia, and Turkey – have been accumulating gold reserves, but the global supply of gold is finite. While special drawing rights (the International Monetary Fund’s reserve asset) could become more prominent if the dollar’s credibility collapses, SDRs are not market-traded assets, as their liquidity is centrally managed and politically contested. Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), such as China’s e-CNY and the proposed digital euro, could eventually serve as channels for cross-border liquidity once they are interoperable and widely adopted. But that is unlikely in the short term.In short, if confidence in the dollar as the world’s reserve currency begins to falter, the resulting realignment will likely resemble a frantic scramble for safety, with no true alternative readily available. Such a panic could fracture today’s integrated global financial system into regional or bloc-based networks.This instability could be exacerbated by cryptocurrency markets, which operate with far less oversight than traditional financial markets and are set to be even less regulated under the current US administration. Most cryptocurrencies are far more volatile than fiat currencies or traditional safe assets, making them unsuitable as a stable store of value.Deregulated cryptocurrency markets, particularly those built around stablecoins, pose growing systemic risks to US Treasury markets. Because stablecoins are typically pegged to the dollar, their issuers hold large reserves in short-term, highly liquid assets, primarily Treasuries and cash or cash equivalents. A sharp break from the dollar peg or a sudden loss of confidence in a major stablecoin could lead to a large-scale liquidation of Treasuries to meet redemption demands – a crypto version of a bank run. Such a sell-off could drain liquidity from Treasury markets, distort short-term yields, and cause spillovers into other asset classes, including mortgages and corporate bonds.Moreover, cryptocurrencies – especially stablecoins and CBDCs – could challenge the US dollar’s dominance in global payment flows. If widely adopted, they would divert transaction volumes away from dollar-based systems such as correspondent banking and SWIFT. But without coordinated international regulation, crypto-based payment systems risk fragmenting financial oversight, obscuring capital flows, facilitating money laundering and terrorism financing, and restricting smaller economies’ ability to manage their monetary policies.The growing use of cryptocurrencies in cross-border settlements could also increase exposure to cyberattacks and network disruptions. Their use for sanctions evasion, illicit transactions, and tax avoidance is already chipping away at the dollar’s role in the shadow-banking system, with profound implications for sanctions enforcement and economic stability.The Costs of FragmentationAs trade barriers rise and foreign-exchange volatility intensifies, financial flows, reserve holdings, payment systems, and capital markets are becoming increasingly confined to competing regional blocs. Financial fragmentation also impedes currency convertibility, disrupts SWIFT-style messaging systems, and complicates regulatory coordination. These frictions create exchange-rate mismatches, legal uncertainty, and delays in cross-border payments.When commerce and finance are divided between spheres of interest, capital is allocated according to geopolitical loyalties rather than market fundamentals. The result is a disjointed global economy characterized by slower growth, reduced productivity, and higher capital costs – especially for non-aligned developing economies.Meanwhile, fragmentation curtails the ability of global institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the Bank for International Settlements to maintain stability, coordinate crisis responses, and establish universal standards. As a result, more responsibility is being shifted to regional bodies like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.As countries redirect reserves toward regional alternatives, global liquidity could shrink while risk premiums surge. In this environment, competing blocs are more likely to adopt beggar-thy-neighbor policies, including competitive devaluations and export controls. Escalating rivalries over currency dominance, reserve status, and payment systems will increase the weaponization of financial tools like sanctions, capital controls, and reserve seizures, heightening the risk of instability and prolonged economic downturns.It gets worse. As economic interdependence unravels, with deepening geopolitical divisions inevitably accelerating the creation of separate clearing systems, digital currencies, and regional trade systems, the loss of key restraints on armed conflict will increase the likelihood of military confrontation.Given the stakes, framing the dollar’s decline merely as the end of America’s “exorbitant privilege” misses the larger story. The fate of the greenback is not a parochial American concern but a global problem. If a fragile yet manageable equilibrium underpinned by multilateral cooperation gives way to financial balkanization, the coming decades will be defined by economic conflict and the constant threat of all-out war.Dennis Snower, Founding President of the Global Solutions Initiative and President Emeritus of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, is a visiting professor at University College London and a professorial research fellow at INET Oxford. He is a non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, an international research fellow at Oxford University’s Said Business School, and a research associate at the Harvard Human Flourishing Program.
What’s in the EU’s framework trade deal with the US — and what isn’tWe detail the hits and misses in the four-page agreement hammered out between the EU and the U.S. Under the joint statement, the U.S. will lower its 27.5 percent tariffs on cars and automotive parts to match the baseline 15 percent. | Hannes P. Albert/EPA The European Union and the United States have issued a statement to formalize their tariff truce. Now the hard work begins.The framework agreement builds out the handshake trade agreement struck by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and U.S. President Donald Trump in Scotland in late July. The text sets out a roadmap for implementing the trade commitments they made.“This is not the end; it’s the beginning. This framework is a first step,” EU Trade Commissioner Maroš Šefcovič said.But the document, which runs to only four pages, skirts several issues. For one, it doesn’t mention U.S. calls for the EU to dilute its regulation of Big Tech. Nor does it refer to a call by Brussels for European wines and spirits to be exempted from the 15 percent U.S. baseline tariff that took effect this month. That’s one that Šefcovič still hopes to get a deal on.We break down the wins, the losses, the fudges — and the omissions — from the Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade.Cars Under the joint statement, the U.S. will lower its 27.5 percent tariffs on cars and automotive parts to match the baseline 15 percent. But there’s a catch: The U.S. will only meet its lower tariff commitment after the EU eliminates “tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods,” including its own 10 percent tariff on vehicles.Šefčovič said the Commission will initiate legislation this month to ensure Washington lowers tariffs retroactively on cars and auto parts effective Aug. 1, as foreseen in the deal.A separate clause of the joint statement makes clear that the two governments will start collaborating in other areas around cars, including to “provide mutual recognition on each other’s standards.” The joint statement doesn’t clarify which standards will be mutually recognized, but any change will have ripple effects across the sector.“By signing up to mutual recognition of vehicle standards with the United States, the European Union has waved the white flag on road safety,” said Antonio Avenoso, executive director of the European Transport Safety Council. “This is not a technical detail — it is a political choice that puts trade convenience ahead of saving lives.”— Jordyn DahlDrugs, semiconductors, steelThese industries are at the heart of Washington’s efforts to relocate industry back to the United States and are covered by separate trade investigations, known as Section 232, which allow the U.S. president to restrict imports to protect national security. The U.S. will cap tariffs on European pharmaceuticals, lumber and semiconductors at 15 percent regardless of the results of the ongoing investigations. Steel and aluminum imports will continue to face a 50 percent tariff until the EU and the U.S. explore the possibility of joining forces to tackle overproduction. | Erik S. Lesser/EPAThis ceiling doesn’t apply to steel and aluminum imports, however, which will continue to face a 50 percent tariff until the EU and the U.S. explore the possibility of joining forces to tackle overproduction — especially coming from China — and the possibility of setting tariff-rate quotas.The European pharmaceuticals industry warns that the outline trade deal could cost companies up to €18 billion. “We remain concerned for the future of patients and our sector in Europe,” said Nathalie Moll, director general at Europe’s EFPIA pharma lobby.Still, while branded pharmaceuticals could end up being subject to the tariffs, the EU did succeed in broadening an exemption for lower-priced generics.— Camille Gijs and Mari EcclesDigital rules The European Union managed to keep its rules on digital competition and content moderation out of the U.S. trade deal, despite heavy pressure. For now. The Commission has for months maintained that its ability to regulate U.S. Big Tech companies is not part of the trade negotiations. The Trump administration has been on a campaign, attacking both rulebooks and claiming they amount to censorship of Americans (the Digital Services Act) and unfairly target U.S. companies (the Digital Markets Act).While Šefčovič confirmed to reporters on Thursday that the rules weren’t part of the talks, he didn’t rule out that the two sides would return to the issue in the future. “We kept these issues out of the trade negotiations. We were focusing on what was very clearly the priority and therefore you won’t find it referenced in the joint statement,” he said.“Will it come later, will it be discussed? Our relationship is so vast that for sure there will be a lot of issues which will be discussed.”European Parliament lawmakers will continue to pressure the Commission not to treat the rules as a bargaining chip. “Tech legislation and tariffs are two distinct matters and should remain such,” said Bulgarian conservative lawmaker Eva Maydell.— Pieter HaeckWines and spiritsWines and spirits won’t be exempted from tariffs, even though the European Union pushed hard to obtain relief for a sector that has been caught in the crossfire from both Washington and Beijing. This means they will be subject to a 15 percent U.S. tariff. That’s a blow for European exporters, who long benefited from tariff-free access on most spirits until successive trade wars tore it up.Wines and spirits won’t be exempted from tariffs, even though the European Union pushed hard to obtain relief for a sector that has been caught in the crossfire from both Washington and Beijing. | Guillaume Horcajuelo/EPAŠefčovič admitted that the talks had fallen short — but insisted the fight isn’t over. “The tariffs on wine and spirits was one of the very important offensive interests of the European Union. Unfortunately, here we didn’t succeed … but the doors are not closed forever,” he told reporters. — Bartosz BrzezińskiGreen rules The EU made a vague promise to address U.S. concerns regarding EU laws on mandatory sustainability reporting (the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), supply chain oversight (the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive) and deforestation (the EU Deforestation Regulation).Brussels mainly pitched ideas it already wants to implement, however. The EU will ensure its rules “do not pose undue restrictions on transatlantic trade” by reducing the administrative burden on businesses in the CSDDD and by proposing changes to the EU's civil liability regime, which holds companies legally accountable for human rights violations and environmental damage in their supply chains. Scrapping the EU's liability regime is already a major point in the Commission’s omnibus proposal announced last February, which rolls back many features of the CSRD and CSDDD among other files. Crucially, those changes have not yet received the official green light from EU countries or lawmakers. On deforestation, the EU says it recognizes that U.S. commodities production “poses negligible risk to global deforestation,” having already labeled the country as "low risk" in its classification system last May. — Marianne GrosAviationWashington commits to exempting aircraft and parts from higher tariffs, applying its very low most favored nation duties to the industry.Irish lobbyists are breathing a collective sigh of relief. A trade war slapping American tariffs on Airbus and European tariffs on Boeing would have hit the industry's key middleman, Dublin, particularly hard.The Irish capital is the world’s biggest hub for aircraft leasing with an ecosystem of lessors and financial advisers overseeing most of the world’s leased aircraft. Ireland’s Central Statistics Office values that Irish-managed fleet at €268 billion. Small wonder, then, that Prime Minister Micheál Martin singled out aviation when welcoming the newly published details of the EU-U.S. agreement. “Given the significance of the airline sector to Ireland, a specific carve-out for aircraft and aircraft parts is welcome,” he said.— Shawn PogatchnikDefense The EU promised to buy more American weapons under Thursday’s trade deal, although a senior official downplayed any impact on efforts to boost Europe’s military industrial complex.The EU “plans to substantially increase procurement of military and defence equipment from the United States, with the support and facilitation of the U.S. government,” the joint statement said. That could deal a blow to the European defense industry, which Brussels has been trying to strengthen with initiatives like the €150 billion loans-for-weapons Security Action for Europe regulation to boost joint procurement, or the €1.5 billion European Defence Industry Programme still under discussion with the European Parliament.— Jacopo BarigazziInvestmentsAlthough it’s unclear how exactly it will fulfill its promises, the EU “intends to” procure $750 billion worth of U.S. energy, including liquefied natural gas, oil and nuclear energy products, through 2028. It will also buy “at least” $40 billion worth of U.S. artificial intelligence chips. Europe already relies heavily on U.S.-based AI chip suppliers such as Nvidia, since it has no own-production capacity in that space. On top of that, “European companies are expected to invest an additional $600 billion across strategic sectors in the United States through 2028,” the document adds.— Camille Gijs and Pieter Haeck
https://mlq.ai/media/quarterly_decks/v0.1_State_of_AI_in_Business_2025_Report.pdf
Trump: US Intel shares valued at about $11BUnited States President Donald Trump announced on Friday that the US "now fully owns and controls 10% of Intel," adding that the value of the shares acquired is "approximately $11 billion." The president also said the "US paid nothing for these shares.""This is a great Deal for America and, also, a great Deal for INTEL. Building leading edge Semiconductors and Chips, which is what INTEL does, is fundamental to the future of our Nation," Trump clarified on Truth Social.Earlier this month, Trump met with Intel CEO Lio-Bu Tan after previously calling on him to resign and describing him as "highly conflicted."
Discurso completo de Mario Draghi en el Meeting de Rímini 2025 El ex primer ministro habló hoy, 22 de agosto, en el Encuentro de Comunión y Liberación Durante años, la Unión Europea ha creído que la dimensión económica, con 450 millones de consumidores, trae consigo poder geopolítico y relaciones comerciales internacionales. Este año será recordado como el año en que esta ilusión se evaporó.Tuvimos que resignarnos a los aranceles impuestos por nuestro mayor socio comercial y aliado de larga data, Estados Unidos. El mismo aliado nos presionó para aumentar el gasto militar, una decisión que tal vez deberíamos haber tomado de todos modos, pero en formas y maneras que probablemente no reflejen el interés de Europa. La Unión Europea, a pesar de haber hecho la mayor contribución financiera a la guerra en Ucrania, y de tener el mayor interés en una paz justa, ha desempeñado hasta ahora un papel bastante marginal en las negociaciones de paz.Mientras tanto, China ha apoyado abiertamente el esfuerzo bélico de Rusia a medida que expandía su capacidad industrial para verter el exceso de producción en Europa, ahora que el acceso al mercado estadounidense está limitado por las nuevas barreras impuestas por el gobierno en Estados Unidos.Las protestas europeas han tenido poco efecto: China ha dejado claro que no considera a Europa como un socio igualitario y utiliza su control en el campo de las tierras raras para hacer que nuestra dependencia sea cada vez más limitada.Europa también fue espectadora cuando los sitios nucleares iraníes fueron bombardeados y la masacre de Gaza se intensificó. Estos acontecimientos han hecho justicia a cualquier ilusión de que la dimensión económica por sí sola garantizaba alguna forma de poder geopolítico. Por lo tanto, no es sorprendente que el escepticismo hacia Europa haya alcanzado nuevas alturas. Pero es importante preguntarse cuál es realmente el objeto de este escepticismo.En mi opinión, no es un escepticismo hacia los valores sobre los que se fundó la Unión Europea: democracia, paz, libertad, independencia, soberanía, prosperidad, equidad. Incluso aquellos que argumentan que Ucrania debería rendirse a las demandas de Rusia nunca aceptarían el mismo destino para su país; ellos también valoran la libertad, la independencia y la paz, aunque solo sea para ellos mismos.Más bien, creo que el escepticismo se refiere a la capacidad de la Unión Europea para defender estos valores. Esto es en parte comprensible. Los modelos de organización política, especialmente los supraestatales, surgen en parte también para resolver los problemas de su tiempo. Cuando estos cambian tanto que la organización existente es frágil y vulnerable, debe cambiar.La UE se creó porque en la primera mitad del siglo XX los modelos anteriores de organización política, los estados nacionales, habían fracasado por completo en muchos países en la tarea de defender estos valores. Muchas democracias habían rechazado todas las reglas a favor de la fuerza bruta, lo que provocó que Europa se hundiera en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.Por lo tanto, era casi natural que los europeos desarrollaran una forma de defensa colectiva para la democracia y la paz. La Unión Europea representó una evolución que respondió a lo que era el problema más urgente de la época: la tendencia de Europa a deslizarse hacia el conflicto. Y es insostenible argumentar que estaríamos mejor sin él.La Unión volvió a evolucionar en los años de la posguerra, adaptándose gradualmente a la fase neoliberal entre 1980 y principios de la década de 2000. Este período se caracterizó por la creencia en el libre comercio y los mercados abiertos, un respeto compartido por las reglas multilaterales y una reducción consciente del poder de los estados que asignaban tareas y autonomía a agencias independientes.Europa prosperó en ese mundo: transformó su mercado común en el mercado único, se convirtió en un actor clave en la Organización Mundial del Comercio y creó autoridades independientes de competencia y política monetaria. Pero ese mundo se ha acabado y muchas de sus características se han borrado.Mientras que antes dependíamos de los mercados para la dirección de la economía, hoy existen políticas industriales de amplio alcance. Mientras que antes se respetaban las reglas, hoy existe el uso de la fuerza militar y el poder económico para proteger los intereses nacionales. Mientras que antes el Estado veía reducidos sus poderes, ahora todos los instrumentos se emplean en nombre del gobierno del Estado.Europa está mal equipada en un mundo donde la geoeconomía, la seguridad y la estabilidad de las fuentes de suministro inspiran las relaciones comerciales internacionales en lugar de la eficiencia. Nuestra organización política debe adaptarse a las necesidades de su tiempo cuando son existenciales: los europeos debemos llegar a un consenso sobre lo que esto implica.Está claro que destruir la integración europea para volver a la soberanía nacional solo nos expondría aún más a la voluntad de las grandes potencias.Pero también es cierto que para defender a Europa del creciente escepticismo, no debemos intentar extrapolar los logros del pasado al futuro que estamos a punto de experimentar: los éxitos que logramos en décadas anteriores fueron en realidad respuestas a los desafíos específicos de ese momento y nos dicen poco sobre la capacidad de enfrentar los que enfrentamos hoy. Reconocer que la fortaleza económica es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para tener fuerza geopolítica podrá finalmente iniciar una reflexión política sobre el futuro de la Unión.Podemos consolarnos con el hecho de que la Unión Europea haya sido capaz de cambiar en el pasado. Pero adaptarse al orden neoliberal fue comparativamente una tarea fácil. El objetivo principal entonces era abrir los mercados y limitar la intervención estatal. La Unión Europea podría entonces actuar principalmente como regulador y árbitro, evitando abordar el tema más difícil de la integración política.Para hacer frente a los desafíos actuales, la Unión Europea debe transformarse de espectador o, a lo sumo, de actor secundario en actor principal. Su organización política también debe cambiar, lo que es inseparable de su capacidad para alcanzar sus objetivos económicos y estratégicos. Y las reformas en el campo económico siguen siendo una condición necesaria en este camino de concienciación. Casi ochenta años después del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la defensa colectiva de la democracia es dada por sentada por generaciones que no tienen memoria de esa época. Su adhesión convencida a la construcción política europea también depende, en gran medida, de su capacidad para ofrecer a los ciudadanos perspectivas de futuro y, por lo tanto, también del crecimiento económico que en Europa ha sido mucho menor que en el resto del mundo durante los últimos treinta años.El Informe sobre la competitividad europea ha indicado los numerosos ámbitos en los que Europa está perdiendo terreno y en los que se necesitan reformas con mayor urgencia. Pero un tema se repite en todas las indicaciones del informe: la necesidad de hacer pleno uso de la dimensión europea en dos direcciones.El primero es el del mercado interior. El Acta del Mercado Único se aprobó hace casi cuarenta años, pero siguen existiendo importantes obstáculos al comercio dentro de Europa. Su eliminación tendría un impacto sustancial en el crecimiento de Europa. El Fondo Monetario Internacional calcula que si nuestras barreras internas se redujeran al nivel de las que prevalecen en Estados Unidos, la productividad laboral en la Unión Europea podría ser aproximadamente un 7% más alta en siete años. Basta pensar que en los últimos siete años el crecimiento total de la productividad en Italia ha sido de solo el 2%.El costo de estas barreras ya es visible. Los estados europeos se están embarcando en una gigantesca empresa militar con 2 billones de euros, una cuarta parte de los cuales en Alemania, de gasto adicional en defensa planificados de aquí a 2031. Sin embargo, tenemos barreras internas que equivalen a un arancel del 64% sobre la maquinaria y del 95% sobre los metales.El resultado son licitaciones más lentas, costos más altos y más compras a proveedores fuera de la Unión Europea, sin siquiera una función de estimular nuestras economías, todo debido a los obstáculos que nos imponemos a nosotros mismos.La segunda dimensión es la tecnológica. Un punto ahora está claro por la forma en que está evolucionando la economía global: ningún país que quiera prosperidad y soberanía puede permitirse el lujo de ser excluido de tecnologías críticas. Estados Unidos y China utilizan abiertamente su control sobre los recursos y tecnologías estratégicas para obtener concesiones en otras áreas: cualquier dependencia excesiva se ha vuelto incompatible con la soberanía sobre nuestro futuro.Ningún país europeo puede disponer por sí solo de los recursos necesarios para desarrollar la capacidad industrial necesaria para desarrollar estas tecnologías. La industria de los semiconductores ilustra bien este desafío. Estos chips son esenciales para la transformación digital que se está produciendo hoy en día, pero las plantas para producirlos requieren grandes inversiones.En Estados Unidos, la inversión pública y privada se concentra en un pequeño número de grandes fábricas con proyectos que van desde los 30.000 millones de dólares hasta los 65.000 millones de dólares. En Europa, por otro lado, la mayor parte del gasto se realiza a nivel nacional, esencialmente a través de ayudas estatales. Los proyectos son mucho más pequeños, normalmente entre 2.000 y 3.000 millones de euros y están dispersos entre nuestros países con prioridades divergentes.El Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo ya ha advertido de que hay pocas posibilidades de que la Unión Europea logre su objetivo de aumentar la cuota de mercado mundial en este sector hasta el 20 % en 2030, desde menos del 10 % actual.Así pues, tanto en lo que respecta a la dimensión del mercado interior como a la de las tecnologías, volvamos al punto fundamental: para alcanzar estos objetivos, la Unión Europea tendrá que avanzar hacia nuevas formas de integración.Tenemos la oportunidad de hacerlo: por ejemplo, con el vigésimo octavo régimen que opera por encima de la dimensión nacional, por ejemplo con un acuerdo sobre proyectos de interés común europeo y su financiación común, que es una condición esencial para que alcancen la dimensión tecnológicamente necesaria y económicamente autosuficiente.Hace años, aquí mismo en su reunión, recordé cómo hay deudas buenas y deudas malas. La deuda incobrable financia el consumo actual, dejando la carga a las generaciones futuras. La buena deuda se utiliza para financiar inversiones en prioridades estratégicas y en el aumento de la productividad. Genera el crecimiento que servirá para pagarlo. Hoy, en algunos sectores, la deuda buena ya no es posible a nivel nacional porque las inversiones realizadas de forma aislada no pueden alcanzar el tamaño necesario para aumentar la productividad y justificar la deuda.Solo las formas de deuda común pueden apoyar proyectos europeos a gran escala que los esfuerzos nacionales fragmentados e insuficientes nunca podrían implementar.Esto :p es cierto para la defensa, especialmente en lo que respecta a la investigación y el desarrollo; para la energía, para las inversiones necesarias en redes e infraestructuras europeas; para las tecnologías disruptivas, un área donde los riesgos son muy altos pero los éxitos potenciales son críticos para transformar nuestras economías.El escepticismo ayuda a ver a través de la niebla de la retórica, pero también necesitamos esperanza en el cambio y confianza en la capacidad de uno para implementarlo.Todos ustedes crecieron en una Europa donde los estados nacionales han perdido importancia relativa: crecieron como europeos en un mundo donde es natural viajar, trabajar y estudiar en otros países. Muchos de ustedes aceptan que son italianos y europeos; Muchos de ustedes reconocen cómo Europa ayuda a los países pequeños a alcanzar juntos objetivos que no podrían alcanzar solos, especialmente en un mundo dominado por superpotencias como Estados Unidos y China. Por lo tanto, es natural que esperen un cambio en Europa.También hemos visto que a lo largo de los años la Unión Europea ha sido capaz de adaptarse a la emergencia, a veces incluso superando todas las expectativas.Hemos podido romper tabúes históricos como la deuda común dentro del programa Next Generation EU y ayudarnos mutuamente durante la pandemia. Hemos completado una campaña de vacunación muy grande en muy poco tiempo. Hemos demostrado una unidad y una participación sin precedentes en la respuesta a la invasión rusa de Ucrania.Pero estas fueron respuestas a emergencias. El desafío ahora es poder actuar con la misma decisión en tiempos ordinarios para enfrentar los nuevos contornos en el mundo en el que estamos entrando. Es un mundo que no nos mira con simpatía, que no espera a que la duración de nuestros ritos comunitarios nos imponga su fuerza. Es un mundo que nos exige una discontinuidad en objetivos, tiempos y formas de trabajar. La presencia de los cinco líderes de los Estados europeos y de los presidentes de la Comisión Europea y del Consejo en la última reunión en la Casa Blanca fue una demostración de unidad que vale más a los ojos de los ciudadanos que muchas reuniones en Bruselas.Hasta ahora, gran parte del esfuerzo de adaptación ha venido del sector privado, que hasta ahora ha mostrado solidez, a pesar de la gran inestabilidad de la nueva relación comercial. Las empresas europeas están adoptando la última generación de tecnologías digitales, incluida la inteligencia artificial, a un ritmo comparable al de Estados Unidos. Y la sólida base manufacturera de Europa podrá hacer frente a una mayor demanda de más producción nacional.Lo que se ha dejado atrás es el sector público, donde más se necesitan cambios decisivos.Los gobiernos deben definir en qué sectores centrarse la política industrial. Necesitan eliminar barreras innecesarias y revisar la estructura de los permisos en el campo de la energía. Tienen que ponerse de acuerdo sobre cómo financiar las gigantescas inversiones necesarias en el futuro, estimadas en alrededor de 1. 2 billones de euros al año. Y deben diseñar una política comercial adecuada para un mundo que está abandonando las reglas multilaterales.En resumen, deben recuperar la unidad de acción, y no tendrán que hacerlo cuando las circunstancias se hayan vuelto insostenibles, pero ahora cuando todavía tenemos el poder de diseñar nuestro futuro.Podemos cambiar la trayectoria de nuestro continente. Convierte tu escepticismo en acción, haz que tu voz se escuche. La Unión Europea es ante todo un mecanismo para alcanzar los objetivos compartidos por sus ciudadanos. Es nuestra mejor oportunidad para un futuro de paz, seguridad e independencia: es una democracia y somos nosotros, ustedes, sus ciudadanos, los europeos, quienes decidimos sus prioridades.
[...]La vivienda para residir en ella está en el extremo opuesto. Es lo último que se deja de pagar. Pero eso no implica que no pueda ocurrir. Pero si nos ceñimos a la rentabilidad del alquiler en sí, si cunde la sensación de que ya no renta como antes, la entrada de nuevos especuladores "buy to rent" se termina. Es el no-mercado que ya conocemos, cambia su maquillaje pero la idea sigue siendo la misma.