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The implications of the social capital constraint:· China has invested far more than its ability to absorb the investment, which means that for many years GDP growth has been overstated and that this overstatement is hidden in the form of unrecognized bad debt. Rising bad debt is, in other words, a systemic problem and cannot be resolved within the current system. Beijing must constrain investment growth sharply, redirect a much lower level of investment into areas that improve social capital (SMEs, agriculture, services), and engage in significant social, political, economic and financial reforms to force up China’s ability to absorb additional investment.· Not only will China’s real GDP growth drop as China shifts towards a different growth engine, but it will drop even more as China is forced to recognize the hidden losses buried in its debt levels.Before closing, I want to mention a seminal 2002 paper by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson (“Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective”). The paper is important not just because of its explanation of development but also because of its attempt to understand the political implications of technological and institutional changes that promote development. The authors conclude:In this paper, we constructed a simple model where political elites may block technological and institutional development, because of a “political replacement effect”. Innovations often erode political elites’ incumbency advantage, increasing the likelihood that they will be replaced. Fearing replacement, political elites are unwilling to initiate economic and institutional change. We show that elites are unlikely to block developments when there is a high degree of political competition, or when they are highly entrenched. It is only when political competition is limited and also the elites’ power is threatened that they will block development. We also show that such blocking is more likely to arise when political stakes are higher, and in the absence of external threats.
Pues parece que el burbujón resucita en china... y nos encontramos con problemas que resultarán familiares:http://www.economist.com/news/china/21577118-soaring-house-prices-continue-pose-political-problem-chinas-leaders-cat-and-house?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/catandhouse
“You can’t see your own fingers in front of you,” Harbin’s official news site noted.
BEIJING – China’s anti-corruption campaign is now targeting officials who have sent their spouses and children abroad, where they can create channels to potentially funnel illicit gains and establish footholds for eventual escape from the mainland.Nearly 900, mostly midlevel, government officials in the southern province of Guangdong have been demoted or forced to resign or retire early after being identified as having spouses or offspring with permanent residency or citizenship abroad while they themselves continue to work on the mainland. Because they remain without their families, they are known colloquially as “naked officials” — a term popular with the public because of its mocking tone.The move signals a new approach in President Xi Jinping’s anti-graft campaign that takes aim at a phenomenon in Chinese politics that has hindered the Communist Party’s efforts to curb the flight of crooked officials and their ill-gotten assets.“The perception among the Chinese public is that these officials use their positions for their personal gains, then they send their families away and when the time comes, they are going to bail,” said Dali Yang, a China expert at the University of Chicago.Guangdong authorities said they found more than 1,000 such officials. Though it’s up for debate, the general definition of naked officials excludes those whose children are only studying abroad but not holding foreign residency or passports — allowing the sons and daughters of top leaders to pursue expensive college degrees at top overseas universities.Political analysts and state media reports said that with its proximity to semiautonomous Hong Kong and its links to overseas Chinese communities around the world, Guangdong was the natural place for such efforts to be launched.But the problem is by no means unique to Guangdong.In 2012, Wang Guoqiang, the former Communist Party boss of the small northeastern Chinese city of Fengcheng, fled China to join his daughter in the United States. With him, Wang brought his wife and a rumored 200 million yuan ($30 million) in illicit funds, according to state media reports.Months later, authorities in Liaoning province said they had launched an investigation into Wang for accepting bribes and violating party regulations on traveling overseas without permission. The party’s discipline organ fired Wang from the party and his government posts. But he had already fled the country.In a separate case, a probe into Zhang Shuguang, former deputy chief engineer of the now-defunct Railways Ministry in Beijing, found that his wife and daughter had immigrated to America where the family owned a large mansion in Los Angeles County. Zhang faces accusations of accepting 47.6 million yuan ($8 million) in bribes and is awaiting trial.Chinese authorities last year arrested 762 people suspected of work-related crimes who had been on the run and retrieved illegal gains worth 10 billion yuan ($1.6 billion), according to the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the office of the country’s top prosecutor. It wasn’t clear how many of the defendants were overseas.Since Xi was appointed to the helm of the Communist Party in late 2012, he’s vowed to purify the party’s ranks with an austerity drive and a crackdown on graft that targets both lower-ranking officials and senior leaders. The campaign has felled dozens of officials as well as senior executives from state-owned companies.Some researchers estimate that thousands of Chinese officials have fled over the past 20 years, taking assets worth hundreds of billions of yuan.When officials flee the country with bags of money or appear poised to do so, they not only hurt the party’s image but reflect a wider anxiety among the elite about the future of China under Communist rule. They also pose a strategic threat if they take state secrets with them, an analyst said.“These members of the elite do not have faith in the long-term future of the Communist Party, so along with money, they also take along with them state secrets or intellectual property rights regarding high technology and so forth,” said Willy Lam, an expert on Chinese politics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. “I think this is what they’re most worried about. This exodus of members of the elite could compromise state security.”Some Chinese media commentaries have said mere demotions or forced retirement may be too lenient a treatment for naked officials, urging full-fledged investigations into graft. Others have noted that some officials’ children or spouses might have legitimate reasons to have overseas residency, for jobs or business.
Chinese broadcaster 'displays anti-Communist messages'A Chinese cable television service broadcast messages attacking the ruling Communist party and calling for the release of a pro-democracy activist, locals said, in what appeared to be a rare hacking attack.BEIJING: A Chinese cable television service broadcast messages attacking the ruling Communist party and calling for the release of a pro-democracy activist, locals said, in what appeared to be a rare hacking attack.Viewers in the eastern city of Wenzhou on Friday (Aug 1) used social media to post images of television messages that referred the Communist party as "bandits," and photographs of a bloody 1989 crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Beijing.Such images are almost never shown by media in China, where the Communist party censors anti-government messages and references to incidents it deems sensitive such as the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown. It was not immediately clear who was behind the messages, which appeared on several different channels available through a local cable broadcaster, though internet users speculated that the provider had been "hacked"."At the moment, some areas of Wenzhou city are receiving unusual broadcasts, technical staff are currently trying to solve this issue, we hope viewers will understand," the Wenzhou branch of China Cable, said on Sina Weibo, a Chinese equivalent of Twitter. Several photos posted on Sina Weibo -- which were later deleted -- showed a TV screen displaying a banner which read "Free Wang Bingzhang,", referring to a Chinese pro-democracy activist jailed for life in 2003."Communist bandits are the real criminals," a message shown in the corner of one viewer's screen added. Another photograph showed a message reading "Friends, don't co-operate with Communist devils," imposed on top of a broadcast of a basketball match. Another photograph showed the channel displaying the iconic "Tank Man" photo from the 1989 crackdown, showing a lone man standing in front of a column of tanks.Cable subscribers were also shown graphic images showing apparent human rights abuses in the country. Internet users expressed surprise at the broadcasts, which were said to have ended late Friday, with some speculating that hackers were behind the attack.
Intento de colorines en China?:http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/chinese-broadcaster/1293724.htmlCitarChinese broadcaster 'displays anti-Communist messages'A Chinese cable television service broadcast messages attacking the ruling Communist party and calling for the release of a pro-democracy activist, locals said, in what appeared to be a rare hacking attack.[...]
Chinese broadcaster 'displays anti-Communist messages'A Chinese cable television service broadcast messages attacking the ruling Communist party and calling for the release of a pro-democracy activist, locals said, in what appeared to be a rare hacking attack.[...]
SHANGHÁI – Los días del crecimiento económico de dos dígitos en China terminaron. De hecho, se predice que la tasa de crecimiento anual, que viene rondando un 7,5% aproximadamente desde 2012, caerá a 7% este año -y probablemente baje aún más-. Esta es la "nueva normalidad" de China, caracterizada, según las autoridades chinas, por un crecimiento "de velocidad media a alta" (en lugar de velocidad alta). Pero tal vez incluso esto sea optimista.En los dos últimos años, el crédito creció casi dos veces más rápido que el PIB, y el financiamiento social total creció aún a pasos más acelerados. Sin embargo, el crecimiento del PIB se desaceleró considerablemente -de un promedio anual del 10,2% en 2002-2011- lo que sugiere que China puede estar acercándose a un sendero de crecimiento de velocidad mediana a baja.Una posible explicación para la divergencia entre el crecimiento del crédito y del PIB es que el crecimiento potencial ya cayó al 7%. Pero esa marcada caída del crecimiento potencial normalmente implica un freno poderoso, en forma de una sacudida externa o ajustes internos importantes. En circunstancias normales, la tasa de crecimiento potencial de una economía se ajusta de manera natural y gradual, conforme progresa el cambio estructural.Por cierto, no existe ninguna evidencia definitiva de que la tasa de crecimiento potencial de China se haya derrumbado. China capeó la crisis económica global de 2008 mejor que cualquier otra economía emergente. Y aunque factores estructurales, como una población que envejece y una fuerza laboral que se achica, en efecto pueden minar el crecimiento potencial, sus efectos no son repentinos.¿Qué explica entonces la marcada caída de la producción económica de China, en un contexto de rápida expansión del crédito? La respuesta es simple: la manera en que se utiliza el crédito.Antes de la crisis, la expansión del crédito en China seguía el ritmo del crecimiento del PIB. Sin embargo, desde fines de 2008, se ha venido emitiendo crédito anualmente por un total del 35% del PIB, lo que hizo que la relación crédito-PIB se disparara de menos del 150% antes de la crisis al 250% hoy. Eso significa que el crédito se ha vuelto mucho menos eficiente.El problema surge del plan de estímulo de 4 billones de yuanes chinos (660.000 millones de dólares) que el gobierno lanzó en 2008, y que alimentó la creación de crédito por un total de 14 billones de yuanes a la vez que respaldó un rápido incremento de la inversión en activos fijos, especialmente en infraestructura y desarrollo de bienes raíces. Cuando a fines de 2009, la economía intensiva en inversión comenzó a dar señales de recalentamiento, el gobierno impuso estrictos controles macroeconómicos, obligando a los inversores a frenar los proyectos en curso. El crecimiento cayó de inmediato.Mientras tanto, la deuda siguió creciendo -en particular debido a la continua acumulación de interés-. De hecho, según el economista político Victor Shih, el interés correspondiente a todas las deudas en China en 2010 representaba el 80% del PIB nominal incremental. En 2012, las dos cifras eran prácticamente equivalentes y el interés alcanzó el 140% del PIB nominal incremental en 2013 y, según las expectativas de Shih, será del 200% para 2014.Los gobiernos locales, en especial, tuvieron que enfrentar un volumen colosal de deuda incobrable, que minó su capacidad para el gasto de capital y congeló la demanda privada de inversión productiva. Los controles rigurosos en el mercado inmobiliario colocaron una carga pesada en los propios desarrolladores, así como en industrias asociadas como la del acero.Sin embargo, el gobierno de China no reconoció -y mucho menos encaró- las deudas incobrables de manera oportuna. Por el contrario, permitió que crecieran aún más. Considerando que el único modo de permitirles a los prestatarios evitar un incumplimiento de pago -por lo menos temporariamente- ha sido el de ofrecer una cantidad cada vez mayor de liquidez, hasta los bancos con limitaciones de liquidez siguieron dispuestos a otorgar nuevos préstamos.Si bien la tasa alta de ahorro a nivel nacional de China significa que no tiene que pedir liquidez en el exterior o imprimir grandes cantidades de dinero, no deberían subestimarse los riesgos a los que se enfrenta. Con un porcentaje tan importante de la nueva liquidez utilizado para cubrir el servicio de la deuda, queda poco espacio para financiar nueva inversión que estimule el crecimiento.Es más, a medida que las deudas vayan creciendo, la voluntad de los bancos de prestar disminuirán, lo que llevará a los deudores al sector no regulado de la banca en las sombras, donde las tasas de interés son extremadamente altas, para sus necesidades de liquidez. El costo creciente del financiamiento minará aún más la inversión en activos fijos (y, por lo tanto, el crecimiento económico).La "nueva normalidad" de China, en realidad, no es para nada normal. Si bien la curva de crecimiento y los cambios estructurales en la economía del este de Asia desde los años 1960 hasta los años 1990 sugieren que China podría experimentar tasas de crecimiento de medianas a altas durante otra década, el país debe ocuparse primero de su problema de deuda.El primer paso es recortar las tasas de interés de inmediato, reduciendo así la carga sobre los deudores e impulsando el crecimiento del PIB. El gobierno también debe implementar una política fiscal más activa, en lugar de centrarse en la política monetaria.Es más, teniendo en cuenta que los gobiernos locales y las empresas de propiedad del estado son responsables de la mayoría de las deudas incobrables de China, probablemente sean necesarias -y pronto- condonaciones, financiadas por bonos del gobierno central. Aunque el esquema de "canje de deuda" que acaba de introducir el Ministerio de Finanzas -que permite que los gobiernos locales altamente apalancados intercambien deuda por un billón de yuanes chinos con vencimiento este año por bonos con tasas de interés más bajas- es un paso en la dirección correcta, dista de ser adecuado. Dado que el gobierno central goza de condiciones fiscales tan favorables -su relación deuda-PIB ronda apenas el 20%-, ahora es el momento ideal para iniciar un programa de canje de deuda mucho más grande.Por supuesto, frenar la acumulación de deuda futura también es vital para la prosperidad a largo plazo de China. Esa es la razón por la que China deber reducir la dependencia de los gobiernos locales de los bancos para satisfacer sus necesidades de financiamiento, alimentando los mercados de bonos y acciones.Las distorsiones inducidas por la deuda en la economía de China de hoy son precisamente eso, distorsiones. No son una característica fundamental de la economía, y no tienen por qué caracterizar la nueva normalidad de China. Con la estrategia correcta, las autoridades pueden eliminar estas distorsiones y permitir que la economía alcance su potencial de crecimiento de mediana a alta velocidad en los próximos diez años.