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Cita de: senslev en Marzo 14, 2025, 19:06:22 pmhttps://x.com/hamptonism/status/1900015843020337390CitarChief Al Scientist at Meta, Yann LeCun, believes we're never going to get to human level AI by text:Es algo obvio a poco que se piense. La mayoría de conocimiento e información en el universo no está escrita. Está en la experiencia directa de todos y cada uno de los individuos. El texto sólo representa una parte muy parcial de ese conocimiento en un formato muy específico y limitado, y además está plagado de ruido que no aporta gran cosa (no es lo mismo 2000 páginas de obras de un escritor que 2000 páginas de conversaciones casuales entre chonis).Sólo hay que reparar en lo enormemente diferente (en lo limitado) que es una conversación textual y una conversación cara a cara, que contiene muchos más aspectos gestuales, de voz, etc. y en el que interviene también la biología, la experiencia, los aspectos socioculturales y las emociones.Además el texto escrito sólo es el resultado final de un modelo extremadamente complejo de pensamiento. No se puede imitar ese modelo mental sólo usando los resultados del pensamiento (texto), porque no se reproduce el modelo subyacente ni los mecanismos de este. Sería como aprender a tocar como un maestro del piano escuchando tocar a alguien, o a correr como Usain Bolt viendo muchas carreras de él, o a escribir como un escritor consumado leyendo sus libros. Si no funciona así con nosotros, no parece muy lógico creer que vaya a funcionar así para unos modelos mucho más sencillos y limitados.
https://x.com/hamptonism/status/1900015843020337390CitarChief Al Scientist at Meta, Yann LeCun, believes we're never going to get to human level AI by text:
Chief Al Scientist at Meta, Yann LeCun, believes we're never going to get to human level AI by text:
Por qué PP.CC odia tanto a Zelenski?Saludos
Tariffs on goods may be a prelude to tariffs on moneyCapital inflows could be the Trump administration’s next targetThis month, many investors feel dazed and confused. No wonder: as the US government flirts with another shutdown and President Donald Trump intensifies his trade war, indices of economic uncertainty have skyrocketed above even the 2020 pandemic or the global financial crisis of 2008.But the uncertainty could get worse. For amid all the tariff shocks, there is another question hovering: could Trump’s assault on free trade lead to attacks on free capital flows too? Might tariffs on goods be a prelude to tariffs on money?Until recently, the notion would have seemed crazy. After all, most western economists have long seen capital inflows as a good thing for America, since they have helped to fund its $36tn national debt and business. For instance, Elon Musk, Trump’s adviser, has benefited from Chinese investment, some of which is private.But some maverick economists, such as Michael Pettis, have long dissented from this orthodox view. Pettis sees these capital inflows as not “just” the inevitable, and beneficial, corollary of America’s trade deficit, but as a debilitating curse. That is because inflows boost the dollar’s value, foster excessive financialisation and hollow out America’s industrial base, he says, meaning that “capital has become the tail that wags the dog of trade”, driving deficits.Pettis wants curbs, like taxes, therefore. And six years ago, Democratic senator Tammy Baldwin and Josh Hawley, her Republican counterpart, issued a congressional bill, the Competitive Dollar for Jobs and Prosperity Act, which called for taxes on capital inflows and a Federal Reserve weak-dollar policy.The bill seemed to die. But last month American Compass, a conservative think-tank close to vice-president JD Vance, declared that taxes on capital inflows could raise $2tn over the next decade. Then the White House issued an “America First Investment Policy” executive order that pledged to “review whether to suspend or terminate” a 1984 treaty that, among other things, removed a prior 30 per cent tax on Chinese capital inflows.This did not grab headlines, since Trump was “flooding the zone” with other distractions, notably on tariffs. But it spooked Asian observers and probably contributed to recent US stock market falls, as some investors preemptively flee.In reality, a tax shift might not happen — or affect anyone other than the Chinese. Trump is (in)famously mercurial, which makes predicting future policy hard, particularly since his entourage is split into at least three warring factions: nationalist populists (such as Stephen Bannon), techno-libertarians (like Musk) and pro-Maga congressional Republicans. The last two factions might fight capital curbs, due to concerns about destabilising Treasury markets.But Trump is also eager to use all available tools to bolster his leverage on the world stage. And Pettis’s ideas seem to be influential among some advisers, such as Treasury secretary Scott Bessent, Stephen Miran, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, and Vance.This trio appears minded to reset global trade and finance, via a putative Mar-a-Lago accord, although their ambitions are on a grander scale than the 1985 Plaza accord. The latter “merely” weakened the dollar via joint currency intervention but Miran’s vision of a Mar-a-Lago accord includes a possible US debt restructuring too, which would force some holders of Treasuries to swap them for perpetual bonds.Some well-connected financial analysts, like Michael McNair, also expect to see a sovereign wealth fund, backed by America’s gold reserves, that would buy non-dollar assets to balance capital inflows (like, say, Greenland’s resources). A third idea is imposing taxes on capital inflows in a wider sense. This might become the preferred approach if the idea of debt swaps leaves rating agencies threatening to downgrade US debt.“[The trio’s] ultimate goal isn’t a series of bilateral [trade] deals but a fundamental restructuring of the rules governing global trade and finance [to remove] distorted capital flows,” says McNair. “Whether this approach succeeds remains to be seen, but the strategy itself is more coherent and far-reaching than most observers recognise.”Let me stress that I am not endorsing this, nor predicting with any confidence it truly will happen. And it must be noted that Pettis’s theories provoke outrage among many mainstream economists. But Pettis is unrepentant. And critics should also note that the 2019 Baldwin-Hawley bill was not only applauded by conservative groups like American Compass, but some union voices too. Since it has populist appeal, it might yet fly.Either way, the key point to understand is that a shift in economic philosophy is emerging that is potentially as profound as the rethinking unleashed by John Maynard Keynes after the second world war or that pushed by neoliberals in the 1980s. As Greg Jensen of the Bridgewater hedge fund recently quipped, paraphrasing Milton Friedman: “We are all mercantilists now.” Don’t expect that to be reversed any time soon.
Independientemente de que sea cierto o mera propaganda occidental, sería un error estratégico ruso grave querer mantener algún control sobre los territorios al oeste de Kiev. La construcción de un estado nación ruso es lo que salva a Rusia y la consolida como potencia, y tener la Ucrania Occidental en su órbita es un obstáculo en todo ello.
Will Donald Trump tame the Global Casino? Ann PettiforThe FT notices that behind the scenes, his team are thinking about it...With acknowledgement to Christina Pazzanese & Harvard GazetteAs my ever-so-patient readers know, I am writing a book, that if I had the rights, would be titled: Fight the Power of the Global Casino. My publisher demurs, and is consulting the marketing department. In the meantime the truly back-breaking graft of writing about economics in an intelligible way keeps me away from this site. But I had to write today, for fear of being left behind by Gillian Tett, a Financial Times opinion writer - and brilliant journalist, who today wrote an important piece on what is happening behind all the histrionics of the new Trump administration. .For those with no access to the FT, the thrust of Ms Tett’s article is as follows: Just as Trump imposes tariffs on goods entering the United States, so he may soon impose tariffs on money flowing into the United States.As y’all know, I am a long-time advocate of capital controls as a way of subordinating the Global Casino to the interests of society. Not that I think the word ‘control’ is right here. I prefer to phrase it this way: states should have the power to manage cross-border capital flows.It is difficult to predict the outcome of Trump’s chaotic trade policies, but I have long believed the United States would lead the transformation of the international financial system away from its current state of disorder. In 2003 as editor of a book on globalization I wrote that the US:Citar“as well as being the world’s richest country, is also one least dependent on international trade, with exports accounting for only 10 per cent of GDP compared to 28 per cent in the Eurozone. In response to external crises, the United States may well batten down the hatches further, turning inwards and reducing its dependence on the global economy. As it well knows, the United States can produce almost everything it needs from within US borders, with the notable exception of oil…The United States may actually prosper in such a situation. Of course, levels of consumption will fall, as US citizens no longer thrive on the fruits of other countries’ cheap assets and finance. But once the dollar starts to lose its shine…a ‘localisation’ scenario may start to look more favourable than any other….Employment may even increase, as US manufacturing industry, decimated by international competition, is reconstructed.”My reasoning in the early 2000s was not entirely sound, and some facts have changed. The energy situation has changed dramatically since then and US trade rose to 27% of US GDP in 2022 and fell back to about 25% of GDP in 2025. But my intuition was correct. Today, more than twenty years later, Donald Trump’s economic adviser notes that Americans’ opinion of how well the international trade and financial systems serve their interests deteriorated substantially over 2015-2025.Citar“Among voters if not among economists, the consensus underpinning the international trading system has frayed, and both major parties have taken policies that aim at boosting America’s position within it.”American working-class voters will likely lose this round of the battle, just as the United States will lose the wider trade war fight, if it fails to manage cross-border capital flows, to tame the Global Casino.Trump wants a Strong DollarHe can only do so by addressing the issue of the country’s open capital account and the strong US dollar. Stephen Miran, the head of President Trump’s Council of Economic Affairs noted in a report published in November 2024 that the president was reluctant to tackle the strong dollar.Citar“Trump” he wrote “has praised the reserve status of the dollar and threatened to punish countries that stop using the dollar for reserve purposes.”As long as surplus countries like China, the world’s central banks, corporate, individual investors and speculators are free to re-invest earnings from exports and speculation into the US, by purchasing intangible financial assets (like US Treasury bonds, stocks and shares, derivatives) - so long will the dollar remain strong, and the US current account unbalanced. The simple reason being that unregulated inflows of capital into US financial institutions, strengthens the U.S. dollar.And, as is well understood, a strong dollar makes U.S. exports more expensive, and imports cheaper.Despite Trump’s apparent opposition to a weakened dollar, there are signs that change is possible. In 2019, US Democrat Senator Tammy Baldwin and Republican Josh Hawley, published a bill that called for taxes on capital inflows and for a weak dollar policy. Then in 2025, as Gillian Tett points out in her article, a conservative think tank – Compass (U.S.) – published a report: Implement a Market Access Charge (MAC). The think-tank claims to be ‘developing a conservative economic agenda to supplant blind faith in free markets with a focus on workers, their families and communities, and the national interest’Compass (U.S.A.) argued that foreigners were not trading their goods for US goods/products.Instead they were trading products for US assets, including corporate equity, real estate and Treasury debt.The think tank proposed a charge on “foreign purchases of dollar-denominated American financial assets, starting at a rate of 50 basis points, would increase by 50 basis points every year (or six months) until a trade balance or surplus is achieved. The charge would then decrease the year after a surplus is achieved. The MAC would be collected automatically and electronically on all foreign capital inflows by the computer systems already present in the U.S. banks that handle most of America’s cross-border financial transactions.Compass proposed that rather than succumbing to a ‘blind faith in free markets’ the American state should manage cross-border capital flows.For many on Wall Street and in mainstream university economics departments, the very idea of charges on flows of capital are a shocking deviation from the ideology of deregulated global markets in money. Yet those same critics would be astonished if U.S. capitalists like Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple Inc. refused to manage their global companies and instead left the ‘invisible hand’ to control the company’s investment, marketing, employment and output policies.Far from being radical, decisions by nation states to manage their economies and their capital and current accounts are entirely reasonable and sensible. But are they realistic?There will be ferocious resistance from Wall Street to the proposal for a Market Access Charge (MAC), and actors in foreign financial centres like the City of London, Frankfurt and Hong Kong, to the effective taxation of capital inflows.Finally, will the tax on inflows be coupled with a tax on outflows? Both flows have to be ‘charged’ if the system is to be managed.And there will be other constraints on the Trump administration as it tries to stabilise its current (trade) account..…but you will have to read the book to understand those better.The Real Trade War as a Conflict between Wealth & the MajorityThe story of taxes on flows of capital flows is not the real story. As I write in the new book:CitarTrade wars are often depicted as a conflict between countries. But as Klein and Pettis argue in their acute analysis of the global economy, a trade war is a conflict within a country, transposed, wrongly, as a conflict between countries. In the process ordinary people like Americans that voted for President Trump, are led to believe that the Chinese, Europeans, Canadians, Mexicans amongst others, have undermined their living standards. That is patently not true. It is the deregulated international financial and economic system from which the wealthy richly benefit, that has led to job and income losses in the Rustbelt and elsewhere.The United States’s trade war is a conflict between the interests of rich exporters, bankers and owners of financial assets on one side, and on the other, nearly 80% of Americans living from one pay-check to another. Rich exporters are subsidised and protected by the state (think EXIM bank: “Keeping America Strong. Empowering US Business and Workers to Compete Globally”.) Producers for the domestic US market don’t get those subsidies and protections.And if US firms and households can’t afford to pay for foreign imports, Wall Street has a loan for you. If you’re exporting into the United States, Wall Street is only too happy to facilitate your transactions. If you can’t afford to buy a home, that is probably because Wall Street has arranged the sale of all the property assets in your district to a foreign private equity firm, holding more U.S. dollars than they know what to do with…and seeking to make a quick speculative fortune.The campaign to elect Trump was backed by billionaires. That might explain why the cost-of-living crisis, the rising costs of food and energy, the lack of affordable, decent housing, health and education was not blamed on the financial system and global markets, but on the people of China, Mexico, immigrants, and on ‘culture wars’. (As I have tried to show in earlier posts, the rising costs of food, energy and housing can be blamed on global markets in commodities, property and money.)Despite the misleading propaganda of the campaign, simmering public resentment against the rich billionaires that joined the administration before and after the campaign, soon surfaced. Trump had scarcely begun his presidency before he faced rising public anger over the actions of his billionaire ally, Elon Musk. Millions set out to deliberately and successfully harm Musk’s business interests and sales of Tesla cars.Yet a large proportion of the non-college educated working classes of the United States consciously elected a political leader that had promised to ‘make America great again’; to impose tariffs on China and Mexico, and to tame the ill-defined ‘elites’.At least, that is what most Americans thought they had voted for.Though they may not know it, their votes have launched a challenge to the existing global economic order - and the possibility of Market Access Charges on foreign capital. As Gillian Tett points out in her FT column today.
“as well as being the world’s richest country, is also one least dependent on international trade, with exports accounting for only 10 per cent of GDP compared to 28 per cent in the Eurozone. In response to external crises, the United States may well batten down the hatches further, turning inwards and reducing its dependence on the global economy. As it well knows, the United States can produce almost everything it needs from within US borders, with the notable exception of oil…The United States may actually prosper in such a situation. Of course, levels of consumption will fall, as US citizens no longer thrive on the fruits of other countries’ cheap assets and finance. But once the dollar starts to lose its shine…a ‘localisation’ scenario may start to look more favourable than any other….Employment may even increase, as US manufacturing industry, decimated by international competition, is reconstructed.”
“Among voters if not among economists, the consensus underpinning the international trading system has frayed, and both major parties have taken policies that aim at boosting America’s position within it.”
“Trump” he wrote “has praised the reserve status of the dollar and threatened to punish countries that stop using the dollar for reserve purposes.”
Trade wars are often depicted as a conflict between countries. But as Klein and Pettis argue in their acute analysis of the global economy, a trade war is a conflict within a country, transposed, wrongly, as a conflict between countries. In the process ordinary people like Americans that voted for President Trump, are led to believe that the Chinese, Europeans, Canadians, Mexicans amongst others, have undermined their living standards. That is patently not true. It is the deregulated international financial and economic system from which the wealthy richly benefit, that has led to job and income losses in the Rustbelt and elsewhere.
US Senate passes stop-gap funding bill to avert government shutdownDemocrats led by Chuck Schumer paved the way for passage of Republican measure
Cita de: pollo en Marzo 15, 2025, 05:34:12 amCita de: senslev en Marzo 14, 2025, 19:06:22 pmhttps://x.com/hamptonism/status/1900015843020337390CitarChief Al Scientist at Meta, Yann LeCun, believes we're never going to get to human level AI by text:Es algo obvio a poco que se piense. La mayoría de conocimiento e información en el universo no está escrita. Está en la experiencia directa de todos y cada uno de los individuos. El texto sólo representa una parte muy parcial de ese conocimiento en un formato muy específico y limitado, y además está plagado de ruido que no aporta gran cosa (no es lo mismo 2000 páginas de obras de un escritor que 2000 páginas de conversaciones casuales entre chonis).Sólo hay que reparar en lo enormemente diferente (en lo limitado) que es una conversación textual y una conversación cara a cara, que contiene muchos más aspectos gestuales, de voz, etc. y en el que interviene también la biología, la experiencia, los aspectos socioculturales y las emociones.Además el texto escrito sólo es el resultado final de un modelo extremadamente complejo de pensamiento. No se puede imitar ese modelo mental sólo usando los resultados del pensamiento (texto), porque no se reproduce el modelo subyacente ni los mecanismos de este. Sería como aprender a tocar como un maestro del piano escuchando tocar a alguien, o a correr como Usain Bolt viendo muchas carreras de él, o a escribir como un escritor consumado leyendo sus libros. Si no funciona así con nosotros, no parece muy lógico creer que vaya a funcionar así para unos modelos mucho más sencillos y limitados.Discrepo. Sólo puede ser con lenguaje. De otro modo, no lo entenderíamos nosotros. Si es nuestra, si es humana, es mediante lenguaje.La información del Universo sólo es entendible para nosotros si es equivalente a un lenguaje. A un logos.
El primer texto es de Daniel Dennett titulado "¿Dónde estoy?" en él cuenta una anécdota ficticia con la NASA y El Pentágono, relacionado con su trabajo con el cerebro e investigaciones nucleares. A través de un experimento separan su cuerpo de su cerebro, él al ser filósofo empieza a teorizar sobre posibilidades de dónde está, en donde está su cerebro, en donde está su cuerpo o quizá en ninguno de los dos sitios o quizá en ambos. Después de ocurrir un accidente, el cerebro de Dennett termina en un nuevo cuerpo, lo que deriva en más reflexiones sobre su condición y la dualidad que termina por generarse y hacer que existan dos Dennett.
El segundo texto es una continuación, obra del también filósofo David Hawley Sanford, "¿Dónde estaba yo?" en un tono cómplice con Dennett, escribe una ficción, donde cuenta que por su parte trabajó para el Departamento de Defensa en apoyo a la misión de Dennett. Ahonda en la forma en que se trasladó el cerebro, los problemas que hubo y narra como sustituyen cada uno de los sentidos por máquinas que hacen el trabajo equivalente a oídos, ojos, piel, boca y creando un cuerpo entero controlado por retroalimentación directamente conectado al cerebro de Sanford. Las reflexiones que hace tocan temas como el viaje espaciotemporal sin ocupar posiciones intermedias, una especie de teletransportación percibida. Toca también el argumento filosófico de Descartes "Pienso, luego existo" y lo relaciona con la percepción de sus sentidos sintéticos. La reflexión final cita Marvin Minsky sobre la posibilidad de reproducir el cuerpo humano o al menos la experiencia motora y sensorial con sensores y motores, a lo que llama "telepresencia". La reflexión que se presenta destaca la importancia de ser cautelosos en la interpretación de las fantasías filosóficas que involucran elementos tecnológicos imposibles o poco probables en el presente. En general, es importante tener en cuenta que muchas de las fantasías filosóficas más interesantes pueden requerir reglas y premisas poco realistas, lo que puede limitar su relevancia en el mundo real.
Cita de: tomasjos en Marzo 15, 2025, 08:01:28 amIndependientemente de que sea cierto o mera propaganda occidental, sería un error estratégico ruso grave querer mantener algún control sobre los territorios al oeste de Kiev. La construcción de un estado nación ruso es lo que salva a Rusia y la consolida como potencia, y tener la Ucrania Occidental en su órbita es un obstáculo en todo ello.Creo que ya he comentado alguna vez que Ucrania es mucho, muchísimo más un estado-nación homogéneo que Rusia, pero a lo mejor lo he metido dentro de uno de esos tochos míos y ha quedado un poco camuflado.Si viajas por Ucrania y Rusia eso se ve muy claro, sobre todo si no es solamente las capitales más occidentales de Rusia. Rusia tiene Chechenia, Ingushetia, etc en el Cáucaso (musulmanes bastante fundamentalistas socialmente y étnicamente muy lejanos al "ruso" eslavo que es básicamente primo hermano de ucranianos y otros pueblos eslavos) y ya no te quiero contar la distancia étnica y cultural con las minorías hacia el Este - y el Este es de la línea que va entre Kazán y Arkhangel'sk hacia el Este, es decir más del 90% del país. Aunque los rusos suelen considerar el Este desde los Urales, lo que prácticamente te duplica el área al Oeste pero toda esa zona es no ya otro país, es Asia culturalmente.Además las minorías no eslavas, sobre todo las musulmanas del Cáucaso (chechenos, avaros, etc) crecen demográficamente. "Rusos" en Rusia son el 70% más o menos, a pesar de la migración de rusos hacia Rusia de las otras zonas de la ex-URSS y Pacto de Varsovia desde la caída del muro de Berlín. Y por entonces eran el 80%. Pero claro en la franja Oeste son más del 90% que es "más etnoestado" que España ahora mismo. Pero solamente en ese ~10% del país que todavía es de dimensiones similares al resto de Europa menos Escandinavia. Tienes la excepción de las ciudades en la ruta del tren Trans-siberano que son más "rusas" que las demás, pero hacia el Este ni en esos enclaves tienes mayoría rusa.Otro factor es que en los conflictos las minorías van al frente los primeros, algo que causa bastante resquemor interno en esas zonas. Además los mandan con rusos presidiarios expiando penas para más inri. Pero claro Rusia es un estamo muy autoritario y nadie quiere que le dejen la ciudad como Grozni en los 2000.Por eso para Rusia es muy difícil ser otra cosa que un Estado autoritario o totalitario, y Ucrania sí podría ser de no ser por la presión rusa un país más parecido a centro-europa como transicionaron rápidamente los bálticos y Polonia. Rusia es básicamente el imperio ruso que es un imperio bastante fallido y parecido al Austro-Húngaro en su estructura, pero que ha sobrevivido hasta la era nuclear. Te vas a Kazán o al Cáucaso o al Este del país y los rusos son una minoría dominante muy parecida a la minoría alemana durante el imperio Austro-Húngaro, lo cual es caldo de cultivo para que todas esas regiones que son el 30% demográfico pero el 90% geográfico no se consideren rusos al mismo nivel que los moscovitas. Pero esto para la Rusia fuera de la franja Oeste es lo de siempre desde el siglo 19, no es una situación nueva.Veremos si Rusia se queda con el control de algo de Ucrania, pero de todo lo que se quede van a haber dos alternativas:-zona completamente despoblada porque la guerra lo ha dejado todo destruído y que tendrían que repoblar. En algunos enclaves concretos potencialmente sería fácil atraer gente por la riqueza mineral, y en cierta medida mejor clima en la franja costera.-zona donde quienes se queden seguramente se van a ir porque independientemente de su idioma materno van a resentir profundamente a Rusia, así que los que se queden es peor para Rusia (esto sospecho que ya se ve hasta en Crimea que era de largo la zona más pro-rusa, aunque desde el 2014 no he estado y los conocidos que tenía se han ido todos a Rusia o a Ucrania).No es al oeste de Kiev, es todo lo que queda ahora mismo con población local que no pueden ver un ruso ni en pintura. Salvo los rusos que casi todos acaban de llegar, claro.Pero claro, está por ver en qué condiciones de estabilidad queda la cosa. Los rusos tienen que tener cuidado con sus ambiciones en Ucrania porque les puede quedar un muro de Berlín 2.0 aunque no sea un muro físico.